Tourism Transformations A T o r e u a r in Protected Area i s G m a Gateway Communities t T e r w a n a Edited by Susan L. Slocum, s y f o Peter Wiltshier and John Basil Read IV C r o m m Gateway communities that neighbour parks and protected areas are a impacted by tourism, while facing unique circumstances related to protected m t i area management. Economic dependency remains a serious challenge for u o n these communities, especially in a climate of neoliberalism, top-down policy n s environments, and park closures related to environmental degradation or it i government budgets. ie n s P The collection of works in this edited book provide bottom-up, informed, and r nuanced approaches to tourism management using local experiences from o gateway communities and protected areas management emerging from a t e decade of guidelines, rulemaking, and exclusive decision-making. c Global perspectives are presented and contextualized at the local level of t e gateway communities in an attempt to balance nature, community, and d commerce, while supporting the triple bottom line of sustainable tourism. While anticipating a post-COVID 19 global shift, readers are encouraged to Tourism Transformations think through transformation and resiliency in regard to how the flux of supply vs demand alters gateway community perspectives on tourism. Specific features of this book include: in Protected Area • Focus on transformations, which provides insight into the complex and dynamic nature of gateway communities. Gateway Communities • Multidisciplinary, multi-cultural insights into protected area management. • Applied and conceptual chapters from global perspectives. Slocum Wiltshier Edited by Susan L. Slocum, Read Peter Wiltshier and John Basil Read IV Space for bar code with ISBN included Tourism Transformations in Protected Area Gateway Communities The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of, and should not be attributed to, CAB International (CABI). CAB International and, where different, the copyright owner shall not be liable for technical or other errors or omissions contained herein. The information is supplied without obligation and on the understanding that any person who acts upon it, or otherwise changes their position in reliance thereon, does so entirely at their own risk. Information supplied is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional advice. The reader/user accepts all risks and responsibility for losses, damages, costs and other con- sequences resulting directly or indirectly from using this information. CABI’s Terms and Conditions, including its full disclaimer, may be found at https://www.cabi.org/ terms-and-conditions/. Tourism Transformations in Protected Area Gateway Communities Edited by Susan L. Slocum Peter Wiltshier John B. Read IV CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way WeWork Wallingford One Lincoln St Oxfordshire OX10 8DE 24th Floor UK Boston, MA 02111 USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 E-mail: [email protected] T: +1 (617)682-9015 Website: www.cabi.org E-mail: [email protected] © CAB International 2022. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Slocum, Susan L., editor. | Wiltshier, Peter, editor. | Read, John B., IV, editor. Title: Tourism transformations in protected area gateway communities / edited by Susan L. Slocum, Peter Wiltshier, John B. Read IV. Description: Wallingford, Oxfordshire ; Boston, MA : CABI, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Gateway communities are those located adjacent to protected areas and are often the communities most impacted by tourism visitation and are dependent on tourism revenue. This book presents informed, interpreted, and nuanced approaches towards protect area management and conservation, based on bottom-up local experiences by the gateway communities”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2021052220 (print) | LCCN 2021052221 (ebook) | ISBN 9781789249033 (hardback) | ISBN 9781789249040 (ebook) | ISBN 9781789249057 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Tourism--Environmental aspects. | Ecotourism. | Protected areas--Public use. Classification: LCC G156.5.E58 T875 2022 (print) | LCC G156.5.E58 (ebook) | DDC 333.72--dc23/eng/20211223 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052220 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052221 ISBN-13: 9781789249033 (hardback) 9781789249040 (ePDF) 9781789249057 (ePub) DOI: 10.1079/9781789249033.0000 Commissioning Editor: Claire Parfitt Editorial Assistant: Lauren Davies Production Editor: Tim Kapp Typeset by Exeter Premedia Services Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in the UK by Severn, Gloucester Dedication Professor Alan Clarke, 1956–2021 Alan’s commitment to protected spaces and gateway communities has been marked throughout his career, beginning with his teaching in community education in Sheffield, followed by time with the community education team at the Open University. He has led research in the inner city of Salford and worked with the Roma community in the North West of England. The Derby Jubilee Community Festival crystallized a number of issues – power, hegemony, inclusion, engagement and capacity building. Partnership working motivated Alan to develop solutions to be used by communities in the Baltic States, Croatia, Hungary and the United Kingdom. Alan moved to Hungary where there were hard lessons in coming to terms with cultures, structures and stakeholder relations that have to be seen through differently sensitized lenses. This opened up an interest in all aspects of stakeholder-rich leisure, tourism and events. Alan firmly contributed to our understanding of the ways that belief systems, narratives and interpretation have an impact on the cultures in which they are experienced in the communities that give them meaning, life and a destiny characterized by hope and great positivity. v Contents List of Tables ix List of Figures xi Contributors xiii 1 Introduction 1 Peter Wiltshier and John B. Read IV 2 Appalachian Trail Communities: Gateway Partners in Parks and Protected Area Management 10 Robert S. Bristow, Julie Judkins and Jessica A. Schottanes 3 Building a Gateway to the Arctic: A Political Economy Perspective on Tourism Development and Conservation in Finnish Lapland 24 Dorothee Bohn and C. Michael Hall 4 Gateway Community Relationships with a US National Park: A Qualitative Exploration of Community Member, Concessioner and Grand Teton National Park Staff Perspectives 38 N. Qwynne Lackey, Kelly S. Bricker and Russell M. Hicks 5 Advocacy for Protected Areas in the Caribbean: A Collaborated Approach to Ecotourism in Antigua and Barbuda 52 Therez B. Walker and Natalya Lawrence 6 Contribution of Tourism to Sustainable Development: Samalayuca Dunes (Mexico) 66 Manuel Ramón González-Herrera, Rosa Herminia Suárez-Chaparro and Karina Hernández-Casimiro 7 Community Engagement with Tourism Management in Small Atlantic Islands 85 Maria A. Ventura, Ana C. Costa and Andrea Z. Botelho vii viii Contents 8 Protected Area Tourism in Batanes Islands, Philippines: Issues and Impacts 109 Edieser Dela Santa, Mary Anne Ramos-Tumanan and Chris Ryan 9 The Praia do Sono (Paraty, Brazil) as a Gateway Community to Achieve the Universalization of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Water Sanitation) in Tourist Areas 124 Milena Manhães Rodrigues, Renato de Oliveira dos Santos, Sidnei Raimundo and Gustavo C.X.M.P. Machado 10 Public–private Partnerships: A Framework for National Park Gateway Community Development 137 Ole R. Sleipness, Jake Powell and Kynda R. Curtis 11 Stories to Engage Protected Area Neighbouring Communities in Tourism Planning and Practice 155 Gianna Moscardo 12 Sustainable Tourism Initiatives and Impediments: The National Mall as an Urban Gateway Community 168 Margaret J. Daniels and Susan L. Slocum 13 Conclusion 180 Susan L. Slocum and John B. Read IV Index 187 List of Tables Table 2.1. Survey distribution, grouped by the four Conservancy management regions. 18 Table 2.2. Why did you move to your community? Select all that apply. 18 Table 2.3. Respondent roles. 18 Table 2.4. Respondents’ length of residency. 18 Table 2.5. Respondents’ length of residency vs role. 19 Table 2.6. Since becoming an AT Community, what changes in conservation strategy have you seen? 19 Table 2.7. Awareness of economic benefit resulting from participation in the AT Community programme. 19 Table 4.1. Emergent categories, themes and subthemes by participant categories. 41 Table 6.1. Perception of tourist attractions. 74 Table 6.2. Sustainable tourism protocol. 80 Table 6.3. Tourist zoning scheme. 81 Table 7.1. Names of ENGOs in Cabo Verde, year of creation, scope of operation and main mission. 98 Table 7.2. Names of ENGOs in Fernando de Noronha, year of creation, scope of operation and main mission. 99 Table 7.3. Names of ENGOs in the Azores, year of creation, scope of operation and main mission. 100 Table 9.1. Profile of the interviewees. 130 Table 10.1. Agricultural and food tourism activities. 148 Table 11.1. Possible inclusions in an MI storyworld. 159 Table 11.2. Examples of the main types of storytelling experiences for tourists. 162 Table 12.1. The Green Parks Plan goals. 170 ix