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TORUS 3 – Toward an Open Resource Using Services TORUS 3 – Toward an Open Resource Using Services Cloud Computing for Environmental Data Edited by Dominique Laffly First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2020 The rights of Dominique Laffly to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019955390 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-601-2 Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Environmental Management and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Quoc Tuan LE, Thongchai KANABKAEW, Sukhuma CHITAPORPAN and Truong Ngoc Han LE 1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2. Environmental components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.1. Lithosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.2. Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.3. Hydrosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.4. Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3. Environmental pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.1. Air pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.2. Water pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3.3. Soil pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.4. Biological pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.4. Environmental quality management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.1. Air quality management: technical tools and data management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.2. Water quality management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4.3. Biosphere reservation and management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.5. Data services for the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 vi TORUS 3 – Toward an Open Resource Using Services Part. Environmental Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Chapter 2. Air Quality Monitoring with Focus on Wireless Sensor Application and Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Tan Loi HUYNH, Sathita FAKPRAPAI and Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN 2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2. Development of air pollution monitoring techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2.1. Conventional air pollution monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.2. Sensing technology for air monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3. Wireless sensor network for air monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3.1. Case studies of application of wireless sensors for air quality monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.3.2. AIT case study 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.3. AIT case study 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.3.4. Influencing factors of low-cost sensor performance in air pollution monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.4. Summary: toward application of cloud computing for air quality monitoring data management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Chapter 3. Emission Inventories for Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases with Emphasis on Data Management in the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nguyen Huy LAI, Didin Agustian PERMADI, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Kok SOTHEA, Sukhuma CHITAPORPAN, Thongchai KANABKAEW, Jantira RATTANARAT and Surasak SICHUM 3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.2. Methodology for development of EI database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2.1. Framework of EI development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2.2. Calculation of EI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.2.3. Sources of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3. Case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.3.1. Southeast Asia (SEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.3.2. Vietnam inland domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.3.3. Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.3.4. Forest fire emissions from Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand . . . . . . . . 60 3.3.5. Phnom Penh (PNH), Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.4. Summary and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Contents vii Chapter 4. Atmospheric Modeling with Focus on Management of Input/Output Data and Potential of Cloud Computing Applications . . . . . 73 Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Nguyen Huy LAI and Didin Agustian PERMADI 4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.1.1. Atmospheric modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.1.2. Roles of modeling in air quality management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.1.3. Existing modeling systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.2. Model architecture of chemistry transport model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.2.1. Conceptual framework and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.2.2. Data flow and processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.3. Output data processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.3.1. Output data processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.3.2. Model performance evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.4. Potential applications of cloud computing in atmospheric modeling . . . . . . 87 4.4.1. Current status of cloud computing applications in atmospheric modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.4.2. Potential applications of cloud computing in air quality modeling . . . . . 88 4.5. Case studies of air pollution modeling in Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.5.1. Modeling air quality in Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.5.2. Modeling air quality in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region . . . . . . . . . 93 4.5.3. Modeling air quality in the Southeast Asia domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.6. Summary and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Chapter 5. Particulate Matter Concentration Mapping from Satellite Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Thi Nhat Thanh NGUYEN, Viet Hung LUU, Van Ha PHAM, Quang Hung BUI and Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN 5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.2. Relation of aerosol optical thickness, meteorological variables and particulate matter concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.2.1. Data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.2.2. Outlier detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.2.3. Data integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.2.4. Correlation analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.2.5. Validation of satellite-derived AOD and ground-measured AOD . . . . . 107 5.2.6. Relation of particulate matter concentration and meteorological variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5.2.7. Relation of particulate matter concentration and satellite-derived AOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 viii TORUS 3 – Toward an Open Resource Using Services 5.3. PM mapping from moderate resolution satellite images . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 2.5 5.3.1. Data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5.3.2. Multiple variable regressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.3.3. Data interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.3.4. Evaluation metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.3.5. Predictor variables and model selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.3.6. Interpolation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.3.7. Map validation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5.4. PM mapping from high resolution satellite images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 10 5.4.1. Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.4.2. Radiometric normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.4.3. Relative Aerosol Optical Depth Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.4.4. Least square fitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5.4.5. PM estimation from SPOT images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 10 5.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Chapter 6. Comparison and Assessment of Culturable Airborne Microorganism Levels and Related Environmental Factors in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Tri Quang Hung NGUYEN, Minh Ky NGUYEN and Ngoc Thu Huong HUYNH 6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6.2. Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6.2.1. Studying sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6.2.2. Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.2.3. Identification of microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 6.2.4. Statistical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 6.3. Results and discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.3.1. Results of environmental factors in Ho Chi Minh City . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.3.2. Results of monitoring on culturable microorganism levels in ambient air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6.3.3. Comparison and assessment of environmental factor effects on culturable microorganism levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.3.4. Principal component analysis of microorganism groups . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Chapter 7. Application of GIS and RS in Planning Environmental Protection Zones in Phu Loc District, Thua Thien Hue Province . . . . . . . 155 Quoc Tuan LE, Trinh Minh Anh NGUYEN, Huy Anh NGUYEN and Truong Ngoc Han LE 7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Contents ix 7.2. Materials and research methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 7.2.1. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 7.3. Research methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 7.3.1. Research approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 7.3.2. Research methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 7.3.3. Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 7.3.4. Environmental protection planning map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 7.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7.5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Chapter 8. Forecasting the Water Quality and the Capacity of the Dong Nai River to Receive Wastewater up to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Quoc Tuan LE, Thi Kieu Diem NGO and Truong Ngoc Han LE 8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 8.2. Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 8.2.1. Assessing the water quality and partitioning the receiving zone . . . . . . 166 8.2.2. MIKE 11 modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 8.3. Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 8.3.1. The water quality of the Dong Nai River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 8.3.2. Waste sources to the Dong Nai River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 8.3.3. Waste load to Dong Nai river . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 8.3.4. Forecasting load to the Dong Nai River in 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 8.3.5. Water quality forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 8.3.6. Partition for water receiving of the Dong Nai River . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 8.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 8.5. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 8.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Chapter 9. Water Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Imeshi WEERASINGHE 9.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 9.1.1. The hydrological cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 9.1.2. Hydrological models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 9.2. Hydrological models for water resource management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 9.2.1. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 9.2.2. Geographical information systems (GIS) and the SWAT model . . . . . . 181 9.3. Setting up of a SWAT model for the Blue Nile basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 9.4. Scenario analysis using SWAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 9.4.1. Management scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 9.4.2. Land use scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 9.4.3. Climate change scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 x TORUS 3 – Toward an Open Resource Using Services 9.5. Cloud computing and SWAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 9.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Chapter 10. Assessing Impacts of Land Use Change and Climate Change on Water Resources in the La Vi Catchment, Binh Dinh Province . . . . . . . . 191 Kim Loi NGUYEN, Le Tan Dat NGUYEN, Hoang Tu LE, Duy Liem NGUYEN, Ngoc Quynh Tram VO, Van Phan LE, Duy Nang NGUYEN, Thi Thanh Thuy NGUYEN, Gia Diep PHAM, Dang Nguyen Dong PHUONG, Thi Hong NGUYEN, Thong Nhat TRAN, Margaret SHANAFIELD and Okke BATELAAN 10.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 10.1.1. Background of the study/related literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 10.1.2. Description of study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 10.1.3. Land use/land cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 10.2. Materials and methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 10.2.1. Brief description of the SWAT model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 10.2.2. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 10.2.3. Data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 10.2.4. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 10.3. Primary results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 10.3.1. The automatic hydro-meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 10.3.2. Assessing water discharge in the La Vi catchment using the SWAT model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 10.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 10.5. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 10.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Conclusion and Future Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Dominique LAFFLY and Yannick LE NIR List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Summaries of other volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

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