Topic Arrangements of the Next Generation Science Standards At the beginning of the NGSS development process, in order to eliminate potential redundancy, seek an appropriate grain size, and seek natural connections among the Disciplinary Core Ideas (DCIs) identified within the Framework for K-12 Science Education, the writers arranged the DCIs into topics around which to develop the standards. This structure provided the original basis of the standards, and is preferred by many states. However, the coding structure of individual performance expectations reflects the DCI arrangement in the Framework. Due to the fact that the NGSS progress toward end-of-high school core ideas, the standards may be rearranged in any order within a grade level. Table of Contents Elementary Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 Kindergarten Storyline ........................................................................................................... 4 K.Forces and Interactions: Pushes and Pulls ............................................................................ 5 K.Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems: Animals, Plants, and Their Environment ............. 6 K.Weather and Climate .......................................................................................................... 7 First Grade Storyline .............................................................................................................. 8 1.Waves: Light and Sound ..................................................................................................... 9 1.Structure, Function, and Information Processing .................................................................. 10 1.Space Systems: Patterns and Cycles ................................................................................... 11 Second Grade Storyline ........................................................................................................ 12 2.Structure and Properties of Matter ...................................................................................... 13 2.Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems ........................................................................ 14 2.Earth’s Systems: Processes that Shape the Earth ................................................................. 15 K-2.Engineering Design ........................................................................................................ 16 Third Grade Storyline ........................................................................................................... 17 3.Forces and Interactions ..................................................................................................... 18 3.Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems ........................................................................ 19 3.Inheritance and Variation of Traits: Life Cycles and Traits ..................................................... 20 3.Weather and Climate ......................................................................................................... 21 Fourth Grade Storyline ......................................................................................................... 22 4.Energy ............................................................................................................................. 23 4.Waves: Waves and Information .......................................................................................... 24 4.Structure, Function, and Information Processing .................................................................. 25 4.Earth’s Systems: Processes that Shape the Earth ................................................................. 26 Fifth Grade Storyline ............................................................................................................ 27 5.Structure and Properties of Matter ...................................................................................... 28 5.Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems ................................................................. 29 5.Earth’s Systems ................................................................................................................ 30 5.Space Systems: Stars and the Solar System ........................................................................ 31 3-5.Engineering Design ........................................................................................................ 32 Middle School Physical Sciences Storyline ............................................................................... 33 Middle School Life Sciences Storyline ..................................................................................... 35 Middle School Earth and Space Sciences Storyline ................................................................... 37 Middle School Engineering Design Storyline ............................................................................ 39 MS.Structure and Properties of Matter ................................................................................... 40 MS.Chemical Reactions ......................................................................................................... 42 MS.Forces and Interactions ................................................................................................... 43 MS.Energy ........................................................................................................................... 45 November 2013 ©2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 of 102 MS.Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation .............................................................................. 47 MS.Structure, Function, and Information Processing................................................................ 48 MS.Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems .............................................................. 50 MS.Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems ..................................................................... 52 MS.Growth, Development, and Reproduction of Organisms ...................................................... 53 MS.Natural Selection and Adaptations .................................................................................... 55 MS.Space Systems ............................................................................................................... 57 MS.History of Earth .............................................................................................................. 58 MS.Earth’s Systems .............................................................................................................. 59 MS.Weather and Climate ...................................................................................................... 60 MS.Human Impacts .............................................................................................................. 61 MS.Engineering Design ......................................................................................................... 63 High School Physical Sciences Storyline .................................................................................. 65 High School Life Sciences Storyline ........................................................................................ 68 High School Earth and Space Sciences Storyline ..................................................................... 70 High School Engineering Design Storyline ............................................................................... 73 HS.Structure and Properties of Matter .................................................................................... 74 HS.Chemical Reactions ......................................................................................................... 76 HS.Forces and Interactions ................................................................................................... 78 HS.Energy ........................................................................................................................... 80 HS.Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation ............................................................................... 82 HS.Structure and Function .................................................................................................... 84 HS.Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems .............................................................. 85 HS.Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems ..................................................................... 87 HS.Inheritance and Variation of Traits.................................................................................... 89 HS.Natural Selection and Evolution ........................................................................................ 91 HS.Space Systems ............................................................................................................... 93 HS.History of Earth .............................................................................................................. 95 HS.Earth’s Systems .............................................................................................................. 97 HS.Weather and Climate ....................................................................................................... 99 HS.Human Sustainability .......................................................................................................1 00 HS.Engineering Design ......................................................................................................... 102 November 2013 ©2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 of 102 Elementary Standards Students in kindergarten through fifth grade begin to develop an understanding of the four disciplinary core ideas: physical sciences; life sciences; earth and space sciences; and engineering, technology, and applications of science. In the earlier grades, students begin by recognizing patterns and formulating answers to questions about the world around them. By the end of fifth grade, students are able to demonstrate grade-appropriate proficiency in gathering, describing, and using information about the natural and designed world(s). The performance expectations in elementary school grade bands develop ideas and skills that will allow students to explain more complex phenomena in the four disciplines as they progress to middle school and high school. While the performance expectations shown in kindergarten through fifth grade couple particular practices with specific disciplinary core ideas, instructional decisions should include use of many practices that lead to the performance expectations. November 2013 ©2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 of 102 Kindergarten The performance expectations in kindergarten help students formulate answers to questions such as: “What happens if you push or pull an object harder? Where do animals live and why do they live there? What is the weather like today and how is it different from yesterday?” Kindergarten performance expectations include PS2, PS3, LS1, ESS2, ESS3, and ETS1 Disciplinary Core Ideas from the NRC Framework. Students are expected to develop understanding of patterns and variations in local weather and the purpose of weather forecasting to prepare for, and respond to, severe weather. Students are able to apply an understanding of the effects of different strengths or different directions of pushes and pulls on the motion of an object to analyze a design solution. Students are also expected to develop understanding of what plants and animals (including humans) need to survive and the relationship between their needs and where they live. The crosscutting concepts of patterns; cause and effect; systems and system models; interdependence of science, engineering, and technology; and influence of engineering, technology, and science on society and the natural world are called out as organizing concepts for these disciplinary core ideas. In the kindergarten performance expectations, students are expected to demonstrate grade-appropriate proficiency in asking questions, developing and using models, planning and carrying out investigations, analyzing and interpreting data, designing solutions, engaging in argument from evidence, and obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information. Students are expected to use these practices to demonstrate understanding of the core ideas. November 2013 ©2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 of 102 K.Forces and Interactions: Pushes and Pulls K.Forces and Interactions: Pushes and Pulls Students who demonstrate understanding can: K-PS2-1. Plan and conduct an investigation to compare the effects of different strengths or different directions of pushes and pulls on the motion of an object. [Clarification Statement: Examples of pushes or pulls could include a string attached to an object being pulled, a person pushing an object, a person stopping a rolling ball, and two objects colliding and pushing on each other.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to different relative strengths or different directions, but not both at the same time. Assessment does not include non-contact pushes or pulls such as those produced by magnets.] K-PS2-2. Analyze data to determine if a design solution works as intended to change the speed or direction of an object with a push or a pull.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of problems requiring a solution could include having a marble or other object move a certain distance, follow a particular path, and knock down other objects. Examples of solutions could include tools such as a ramp to increase the speed of the object and a structure that would cause an object such as a marble or ball to turn.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include friction as a mechanism for change in speed.] The performance expectations above were developed using the following elements from the NRC documentA Framework for K-12 Science Education: Science and Engineering Practices Disciplinary Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts Planning and Carrying Out Investigations PS2.A: Forces and Motion Cause and Effect Planning and carrying out investigations to answer questions or  Pushes and pulls can have different strengths and directions. (K-  Simple tests can be designed to test solutions to problems in K–2 builds on prior experiences PS2-1),(K-PS2-2) gather evidence to support or refute and progresses to simple investigations, based on fair tests,  Pushing or pulling on an object can change the speed or direction student ideas about causes. (K-PS2- which provide data to support explanations or design solutions. of its motion and can start or stop it. (K-PS2-1),(K-PS2-2) 1),(K-PS2-2)  With guidance, plan and conduct an investigation in PS2.B: Types of Interactions collaboration with peers. (K-PS2-1)  When objects touch or collide, they push on one another and can Analyzing and Interpreting Data change motion. (K-PS2-1) Analyzing data in K–2 builds on prior experiences and PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy and Forces progresses to collecting, recording, and sharing observations.  A bigger push or pull makes things speed up or slow down more  Analyze data from tests of an object or tool to determine if quickly. (secondary to K-PS2-1) it works as intended. (K-PS2-2) ETS1.A: Defining Engineering Problems  A situation that people want to change or create can be ----------------------------------------------------- approached as a problem to be solved through engineering. Such Connections to Nature of Science problems may have many acceptable solutions. (secondary to K- PS2-2) Scientific Investigations Use a Variety of Methods  Scientists use different ways to study the world. (K-PS2-1) Connections to other DCIs in kindergarten: K.ETS1.A (K-PS2-2); K.ETS1.B(K-PS2-2) Articulation of DCIs across grade-levels: 2.ETS1.B (K-PS2-2); 3.PS2.A (K-PS2-1),(K-PS2-2); 3.PS2.B (K-PS2-1);4.PS3.A(K-PS2-1); 4.ETS1.A (K-PS2-2) Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy – RI.K.1 With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text. (K-PS2-2) W.K.7 Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., explore a number of books by a favorite author and express opinions about them). (K-PS2-1) SL.K.3 Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood. (K-PS2-2) Mathematics – MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (K-PS2-1) K.MD.A.1 Describe measurable attributes of objects, such as length or weight. Describe several measurable attributes of a single object. (K-PS2-1) K.MD.A.2 Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common, to see which object has “more of”/”less of” the attribute, and describe the difference. (K-PS2-1) *The performance expectations marked with an asterisk integrate traditional science content with engineering through a Practice or Disciplinary Core Idea. The section entitled “Disciplinary Core Ideas” is reproduced verbatim from A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Cross-Cutting Concepts, and Core Ideas. Integrated and reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences. November 2013 ©2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 of 102 K.Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems: Animals, Plants, and Their Environment K.Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems: Animals, Plants, and Their Environment Students who demonstrate understanding can: K-LS1-1. Use observations to describe patterns of what plants and animals (including humans) need to survive. [Clarification Statement: Examples of patterns could include that animals need to take in food but plants do not; the different kinds of food needed by different types of animals; the requirement of plants to have light; and that all living things need water.] K-ESS2-2. Construct an argument supported by evidence for how plants and animals (including humans) can change the environment to meet their needs. [Clarification Statement: Examples of plants and animals changing their environment could include a squirrel digs in the ground to hide its food and tree roots can break concrete.] K-ESS3-1. Use a model to represent the relationship between the needs of different plants or animals (including humans) and the places they live. [Clarification Statement: Examples of relationships could include that deer eat buds and leaves, therefore, they usually live in forested areas, and grasses need sunlight so they often grow in meadows. Plants, animals, and their surroundings make up a system.] K-ESS3-3. Communicate solutions that will reduce the impact of humans on the land, water, air, and/or other living things in the local environment.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of human impact on the land could include cutting trees to produce paper and using resources to produce bottles. Examples of solutions could include reusing paper and recycling cans and bottles.] The performance expectations above were developed using the following elements from the NRC documentA Framework for K-12 Science Education: Science and Engineering Practices Disciplinary Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts Developing and Using Models LS1.C: Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Patterns Modeling in K–2 builds on prior experiences and progresses to Organisms  Patterns in the natural and human include using and developing models (i.e., diagram, drawing,  All animals need food in order to live and grow. They obtain designed world can be observed and physical replica, diorama, dramatization, or storyboard) that their food from plants or from other animals. Plants need water used as evidence. (K-LS1-1) represent concrete events or design solutions. and light to live and grow. (K-LS1-1) Cause and Effect  Use a model to represent relationships in the natural ESS2.E: Biogeology  Events have causes that generate world. (K-ESS3-1)  Plants and animals can change their environment. (K-ESS2-2) observable patterns. (K-ESS3-3) Analyzing and Interpreting Data ESS3.A: Natural Resources Systems and System Models Analyzing data in K–2 builds on prior experiences and  Living things need water, air, and resources from the land, and  Systems in the natural and designed progresses to collecting, recording, and sharing observations. they live in places that have the things they need. Humans use world have parts that work together.  Use observations (firsthand or from media) to describe natural resources for everything they do. (K-ESS3-1) (K-ESS2-2),(K-ESS3-1) patterns in the natural world in order to answer scientific ESS3.C: Human Impacts on Earth Systems questions. (K-LS1-1)  Things that people do to live comfortably can affect the world Engaging in Argument from Evidence around them. But they can make choices that reduce their Engaging in argument from evidence in K–2 builds on prior impacts on the land, water, air, and other living things. experiences and progresses to comparing ideas and (secondary to K-ESS2-2),(K-ESS3-3) representations about the natural and designed world(s). ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions  Construct an argument with evidence to support a claim.  Designs can be conveyed through sketches, drawings, or (K-ESS2-2) physical models. These representations are useful in Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information communicating ideas for a problem’s solutions to other people. Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information in K–2 (secondary to K-ESS3-3) builds on prior experiences and uses observations and texts to communicate new information.  Communicate solutions with others in oral and/or written forms using models and/or drawings that provide detail about scientific ideas. (K-ESS3-3) ----------------------------------------------- Connections to Nature of Science Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence  Scientists look for patterns and order when making observations about the world. (K-LS1-1) Connections to other DCIs in kindergarten: K.ETS1.A (K-ESS3-3) Articulation of DCIs across grade-levels: 1.LS1.A (K-LS1-1),(K-ESS3-1);2.LS2.A(K-LS1-1); 2.ETS1.B(K-ESS3-3); 3.LS2.C (K-LS1-1); 3.LS4.B (K-LS1-1); 4.ESS2.E (K-ESS2-2); 4.ESS3.A (K-ESS3-3); 5.LS1.C (K-LS1-1); 5.LS2.A (K-LS1-1),(K-ESS3-1); 5.ESS2.A (K-ESS2-2),(K-ESS3-1); 5.ESS3.C (K-ESS3-3) Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy – RI.K.1 With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text. (K-ESS2-2) W.K.1 Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose opinion pieces in which they tell a reader the topic or the name of the book they are writing about and state an opinion or preference about the topic or book. (K-ESS2-2) W.K.2 Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose informative/explanatory texts in which they name what they are writing about and supply some information about the topic. (K-ESS2-2),(K-ESS3-3) W.K.7 Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., explore a number of books by a favorite author and express opinions about them). (K-LS1-1) SL.K.5 Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions as desired to provide additional detail. (K-ESS3-1) Mathematics – MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (K-ESS3-1) MP.4 Model with mathematics. (K-ESS3-1) K.CC Counting and Cardinality (K-ESS3-1) K.MD.A.2 Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common, to see which object has “more of”/”less of” the attribute, and describe the difference. (K-LS1-1) *The performance expectations marked with an asterisk integrate traditional science content with engineering through a Practice or Disciplinary Core Idea. The section entitled “Disciplinary Core Ideas” is reproduced verbatim from A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Cross-Cutting Concepts, and Core Ideas. Integrated and reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences. November 2013 ©2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 of 102 K.Weather and Climate K.Weather and Climate Students who demonstrate understanding can: K-PS3-1. Make observations to determine the effect of sunlight on Earth’s surface. [Clarification Statement: Examples of Earth’s surface could include sand, soil, rocks, and water] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment of temperature is limited to relative measures such as warmer/cooler.] K-PS3-2. Use tools and materials to design and build a structure that will reduce the warming effect of sunlight on an area.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of structures could include umbrellas, canopies, and tents that minimize the warming effect of the sun.] K-ESS2-1. Use and share observations of local weather conditions to describe patterns over time. [Clarification Statement: Examples of qualitative observations could include descriptions of the weather (such as sunny, cloudy, rainy, and warm); examples of quantitative observations could include numbers of sunny, windy, and rainy days in a month. Examples of patterns could include that it is usually cooler in the morning than in the afternoon and the number of sunny days versus cloudy days in different months.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment of quantitative observations limited to whole numbers and relative measures such as warmer/cooler.] K-ESS3-2. Ask questions to obtain information about the purpose of weather forecasting to prepare for, and respond to, severe weather.* [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on local forms of severe weather.] The performance expectations above were developed using the following elements from the NRC documentA Framework for K-12 Science Education: Science and Engineering Practices Disciplinary Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts Asking Questions and Defining Problems PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer Patterns Asking questions and defining problems in grades K–2 builds on prior  Sunlight warms Earth’s surface. (K-PS3-1),(K-PS3-2)  Patterns in the natural world can be experiences and progresses to simple descriptive questions that can be ESS2.D: Weather and Climate observed, used to describe phenomena, tested.  Weather is the combination of sunlight, wind, snow or and used as evidence. (K-ESS2-1)  Ask questions based on observations to find more information about rain, and temperature in a particular region at a Cause and Effect the designed world. (K-ESS3-2) particular time. People measure these conditions to  Events have causes that generate Planning and Carrying Out Investigations describe and record the weather and to notice patterns observable patterns. (K-PS3-1),(K-PS3- Planning and carrying out investigations to answer questions or test over time. (K-ESS2-1) 2),(K-ESS3-2) solutions to problems in K–2 builds on prior experiences and progresses ESS3.B: Natural Hazards to simple investigations, based on fair tests, which provide data to  Some kinds of severe weather are more likely than ---------------------------------------- support explanations or design solutions. others in a given region. Weather scientists forecast Connections to Engineering, Technology,  Make observations (firsthand or from media) to collect data that can severe weather so that the communities can prepare for and Applications of Science be used to make comparisons. (K-PS3-1) and respond to these events. (K-ESS3-2) Analyzing and Interpreting Data ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting an Engineering Interdependence of Science, Analyzing data in K–2 builds on prior experiences and progresses to Problem Engineering, and Technology collecting, recording, and sharing observations.  Asking questions, making observations, and gathering  People encounter questions about the  Use observations (firsthand or from media) to describe patterns in information are helpful in thinking about problems. natural world every day. (K-ESS3-2) the natural world in order to answer scientific questions. (K-ESS2-1) (secondary to K-ESS3-2) Influence of Engineering, Technology, Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions   and Science on Society and the Natural Constructing explanations and designing solutions in K–2 builds on prior World experiences and progresses to the use of evidence and ideas in  People depend on various technologies constructing evidence-based accounts of natural phenomena and in their lives; human life would be very designing solutions. different without technology. (K-ESS3-  Use tools and materials provided to design and build a device that 2) solves a specific problem or a solution to a specific problem. (K-PS3- 2) Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information in K–2 builds on prior experiences and uses observations and texts to communicate new information.  Read grade-appropriate texts and/or use media to obtain scientific information to describe patterns in the natural world. (K-ESS3-2) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Connections to Nature of Science Scientific Investigations Use a Variety of Methods  Scientists use different ways to study the world. (K-PS3-1) Science Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence  Scientists look for patterns and order when making observations about the world. (K-ESS2-1) Connections to other DCIs in kindergarten: K.ETS1.A (K-PS3-2),(K-ESS3-2); K.ETS1.B(K-PS3-2) Articulation of DCIs across grade-levels: 1.PS4.B (K-PS3-1),(K-PS3-2); 2.ESS1.C(K-ESS3-2); 2.ESS2.A(K-ESS2-1); 2.ETS1.B(K-PS3-2); 3.ESS2.D (K-PS3-1),(K-ESS2-1); 3.ESS3.B (K-ESS3-2); 4.ESS2.A (K-ESS2-1); 4.ESS3.B (K-ESS3-2); 4.ETS1.A (K-PS3-2) Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy – RI.K.1 With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text. (K-ESS3-2) W.K.7 Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., explore a number of books by a favorite author and express opinions about them). (K-PS3-1),(K-PS3-2),(K-ESS2- 1) SL.K.3 Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood. (K-ESS3-2) Mathematics – MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (K-ESS2-1) MP.4 Model with mathematics. (K-ESS2-1),(K-ESS3-2) K.CC Counting and Cardinality (K-ESS3-2) K.CC.A Know number names and the count sequence. (K-ESS2-1) K.MD.A.1 Describe measurable attributes of objects, such as length or weight. Describe several measurable attributes of a single object. (K-ESS2-1) K.MD.A.2 Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common, to see which object has “more of”/”less of” the attribute, and describe the difference. (K-PS3-1),(K- PS3-2) K.MD.B.3 Classify objects into given categories; count the number of objects in each category and sort the categories by count. (K-ESS2-1) *The performance expectations marked with an asterisk integrate traditional science content with engineering through a Practice or Disciplinary Core Idea. The section entitled “Disciplinary Core Ideas” is reproduced verbatim from A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Cross-Cutting Concepts, and Core Ideas. Integrated and reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences. November 2013 ©2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 of 102 First Grade The performance expectations in first grade help students formulate answers to questions such as: “What happens when materials vibrate? What happens when there is no light? What are some ways plants and animals meet their needs so that they can survive and grow? How are parents and their children similar and different? What objects are in the sky and how do they seem to move?” First grade performance expectations include PS4, LS1, LS3, and ESS1 Disciplinary Core Ideas from the NRC Framework. Students are expected to develop understanding of the relationship between sound and vibrating materials as well as between the availability of light and ability to see objects. The idea that light travels from place to place can be understood by students at this level through determining the effect of placing objects made with different materials in the path of a beam of light. Students are also expected to develop understanding of how plants and animals use their external parts to help them survive, grow, and meet their needs as well as how behaviors of parents and offspring help the offspring survive. The understanding is developed that young plants and animals are like, but not exactly the same as, their parents. Students are able to observe, describe, and predict some patterns of the movement of objects in the sky. The crosscutting concepts of patterns; cause and effect; structure and function; and influence of engineering, technology, and science on society and the natural world are called out as organizing concepts for these disciplinary core ideas. In the first grade performance expectations, students are expected to demonstrate grade-appropriate proficiency in planning and carrying out investigations, analyzing and interpreting data, constructing explanations and designing solutions, and obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information. Students are expected to use these practices to demonstrate understanding of the core ideas. November 2013 ©2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 of 102 1.Waves: Light and Sound 1.Waves: Light and Sound Students who demonstrate understanding can: 1-PS4-1. Plan and conduct investigations to provide evidence that vibrating materials can make sound and that sound can make materials vibrate. [Clarification Statement: Examples of vibrating materials that make sound could include tuning forks and plucking a stretched string. Examples of how sound can make matter vibrate could include holding a piece of paper near a speaker making sound and holding an object near a vibrating tuning fork.] 1-PS4-2. Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that objects can be seen only when illuminated. [Clarification Statement: Examples of observations could include those made in a completely dark room, a pinhole box, and a video of a cave explorer with a flashlight. Illumination could be from an external light source or by an object giving off its own light.] 1-PS4-3. Plan and conduct an investigation to determine the effect of placing objects made with different materials in the path of a beam of light. [Clarification Statement: Examples of materials could include those that are transparent (such as clear plastic), translucent (such as wax paper), opaque (such as cardboard), and reflective (such as a mirror).] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the speed of light.] 1-PS4-4. Use tools and materials to design and build a device that uses light or sound to solve the problem of communicating over a distance.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of devices could include a light source to send signals, paper cup and string “telephones,” and a pattern of drum beats.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include technological details for how communication devices work.] The performance expectations above were developed using the following elements from the NRC documentA Framework for K-12 Science Education: Science and Engineering Practices Disciplinary Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts Planning and Carrying Out Investigations PS4.A: Wave Properties Cause and Effect Planning and carrying out investigations to answer questions or  Sound can make matter vibrate, and vibrating matter can  Simple tests can be designed to gather test solutions to problems in K–2 builds on prior experiences make sound. (1-PS4-1) evidence to support or refute student ideas and progresses to simple investigations, based on fair tests, PS4.B: Electromagnetic Radiation about causes. (1-PS4-1),(1-PS4-2),(1-PS4-3) which provide data to support explanations or design solutions.  Objects can be seen if light is available to illuminate them  Plan and conduct investigations collaboratively to produce or if they give off their own light. (1-PS4-2) ------------------------------------------------- data to serve as the basis for evidence to answer a  Some materials allow light to pass through them, others Connections to Engineering, Technology, question. (1-PS4-1),(1-PS4-3) allow only some light through and others block all the and Applications of Science Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions light and create a dark shadow on any surface beyond Constructing explanations and designing solutions in K–2 builds them, where the light cannot reach. Mirrors can be used Influence of Engineering, Technology, and on prior experiences and progresses to the use of evidence to redirect a light beam. (Boundary: The idea that light Science, on Society and the Natural World and ideas in constructing evidence-based accounts of natural travels from place to place is developed through  People depend on various technologies in their phenomena and designing solutions. experiences with light sources, mirrors, and shadows, but lives; human life would be very different  Make observations (firsthand or from media) to construct no attempt is made to discuss the speed of light.) (1- without technology. (1-PS4-4) an evidence-based account for natural phenomena (1-PS4- PS4-3) 2) PS4.C: Information Technologies and  Use tools and materials provided to design a device that Instrumentation solves a specific problem. (1-PS4-4)  People also use a variety of devices to communicate (send and receive information) over long distances. (1- -------------------------------------------------------- PS4-4) Connections to Nature of Science Scientific Investigations Use a Variety of Methods  Science investigations begin with a question. (1-PS4-1)  Scientists use different ways to study the world. (1-PS4-1) Connections to other DCIs in first grade: N/A Articulation of DCIs across grade-levels: K.ETS1.A (1-PS4-4); 2.PS1.A (1-PS4-3); 2.ETS1.B(1-PS4-4); 4.PS4.C(1-PS4-4); 4.PS4.B (1-PS4-2); 4.ETS1.A(1-PS4-4) Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy – W.1.2 Write informative/explanatory texts in which they name a topic, supply some facts about the topic, and provide some sense of closure. (1-PS4-2) W.1.7 Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., explore a number of “how-to” books on a given topic and use them to write a sequence of instructions). (1-PS4- 1),(1-PS4-2),(1-PS4-3),(1-PS4-4) W.1.8 With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question. (1-PS4-1),(1-PS4-2),(1- PS4-3) SL.1.1 Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 1 topics and texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups. (1-PS4-1),(1-PS4-2),(1- PS4-3) Mathematics – MP.5 Use appropriate tools strategically. (1-PS4-4) 1.MD.A.1 Order three objects by length; compare the lengths of two objects indirectly by using a third object. (1-PS4-4) 1.MD.A.2 Express the length of an object as a whole number of length units, by layering multiple copies of a shorter object (the length unit) end to end; understand that the length measurement of an object is the number of same-size length units that span it with no gaps or overlaps. (1-PS4-4) *The performance expectations marked with an asterisk integrate traditional science content with engineering through a Practice or Disciplinary Core Idea. The section entitled “Disciplinary Core Ideas” is reproduced verbatim from A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Cross-Cutting Concepts, and Core Ideas. Integrated and reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences. November 2013 ©2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 of 102 1.Structure, Function, and Information Processing 1.Structure, Function, and Information Processing Students who demonstrate understanding can: 1-LS1-1. Use materials to design a solution to a human problem by mimicking how plants and/or animals use their external parts to help them survive, grow, and meet their needs.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of human problems that can be solved by mimicking plant or animal solutions could include designing clothing or equipment to protect bicyclists by mimicking turtle shells, acorn shells, and animal scales; stabilizing structures by mimicking animal tails and roots on plants; keeping out intruders by mimicking thorns on branches and animal quills; and, detecting intruders by mimicking eyes and ears.] 1-LS1-2. Read texts and use media to determine patterns in behavior of parents and offspring that help offspring survive. [Clarification Statement: Examples of patterns of behaviors could include the signals that offspring make (such as crying, cheeping, and other vocalizations) and the responses of the parents (such as feeding, comforting, and protecting the offspring).] 1-LS3-1. Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that young plants and animals are like, but not exactly like, their parents. [Clarification Statement: Examples of patterns could include features plants or animals share. Examples of observations could include leaves from the same kind of plant are the same shape but can differ in size; and, a particular breed of dog looks like its parents but is not exactly the same.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include inheritance or animals that undergo metamorphosis or hybrids.] The performance expectations above were developed using the following elements from the NRC documentA Framework for K-12 Science Education: Science and Engineering Practices Disciplinary Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions LS1.A: Structure and Function Patterns Constructing explanations and designing solutions in K–2  All organisms have external parts. Different animals use their body  Patterns in the natural world can be builds on prior experiences and progresses to the use of parts in different ways to see, hear, grasp objects, protect observed, used to describe phenomena, evidence and ideas in constructing evidence-based accounts themselves, move from place to place, and seek, find, and take in and used as evidence. (1-LS1-2),(1-LS3- of natural phenomena and designing solutions. food, water and air. Plants also have different parts (roots, stems, 1)  Make observations (firsthand or from media) to leaves, flowers, fruits) that help them survive and grow. (1-LS1-1) Structure and Function construct an evidence-based account for natural LS1.B: Growth and Development of Organisms  The shape and stability of structures of phenomena. (1-LS3-1)  Adult plants and animals can have young. In many kinds of natural and designed objects are related  Use materials to design a device that solves a specific animals, parents and the offspring themselves engage in to their function(s). (1-LS1-1) problem or a solution to a specific problem. (1-LS1-1) behaviors that help the offspring to survive. (1-LS1-2) Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating LS1.D: Information Processing ---------------------------------------------- Information  Animals have body parts that capture and convey different kinds Connections to Engineering, Technology, Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information in K– of information needed for growth and survival. Animals respond to and Applications of Science 2 builds on prior experiences and uses observations and these inputs with behaviors that help them survive. Plants also texts to communicate new information. respond to some external inputs. (1-LS1-1) Influence of Engineering, Technology,  Read grade-appropriate texts and use media to obtain LS3.A: Inheritance of Traits and Science on Society and the Natural scientific information to determine patterns in the  Young animals are very much, but not exactly, like their parents. World natural world. (1-LS1-2) Plants also are very much, but not exactly, like their parents. (1-  Every human-made product is designed LS3-1) by applying some knowledge of the ----------------------------------------------- LS3.B: Variation of Traits natural world and is built by built using Connections to Nature of Science  Individuals of the same kind of plant or animal are recognizable as materials derived from the natural world. similar but can also vary in many ways. (1-LS3-1) (1-LS1-1) Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence  Scientists look for patterns and order when making observations about the world. (1-LS1-2) Connections to other DCIs in first grade: N/A Articulation of DCIs across grade-levels: K.ETS1.A (1-LS1-1); 3.LS2.D (1-LS1-2)3.LS3.A (1-LS3-1); 3.LS3.B (1-LS3-1);4.LS1.A (1-LS1-1); 4.LS1.D(1-LS1-1); 4.ETS1.A (1-LS1-1) Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy – RI.1.1 Ask and answer questions about key details in a text. (1-LS1-2),(1-LS3-1) RI.1.2 Identify the main topic and retell key details of a text. (1-LS1-2) RI.1.10 With prompting and support, read informational texts appropriately complex for grade. (1-LS1-2) W.1.7 Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., explore a number of “how-to” books on a given topic and use them to write a sequence of instructions). (1-LS1- 1),(1-LS3-1) W.1.8 With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question. (1-LS3-1) Mathematics – MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (1-LS3-1) MP.5 Use appropriate tools strategically. (1-LS3-1) 1.NBT.B.3 Compare two two-digit numbers based on the meanings of the tens and one digits, recording the results of comparisons with the symbols , , and . (1-LS1-2) 1.NBT.C.4 Add within 100, including adding a two-digit number and a one-digit number, and adding a two-digit number and a multiple of 10, using concrete models or drawings and strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction; relate the strategy to a written method and explain the reasoning uses. Understand that in adding two-digit numbers, one adds tens and tens, ones and ones; and sometimes it is necessary to compose a ten. (1- LS1-2) 1.NBT.C.5 Given a two-digit number, mentally find 10 more or 10 less than the number, without having to count; explain the reasoning used. (1-LS1-2) 1.NBT.C.6 Subtract multiples of 10 in the range 10-90 from multiples of 10 in the range 10-90 (positive or zero differences), using concrete models or drawings and strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction; relate the strategy to a written method and explain the reasoning used. (1-LS1-2) 1.MD.A.1 Order three objects by length; compare the lengths of two objects indirectly by using a third object. (1-LS3-1) *The performance expectations marked with an asterisk integrate traditional science content with engineering through a Practice or Disciplinary Core Idea. The section entitled “Disciplinary Core Ideas” is reproduced verbatim from A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Cross-Cutting Concepts, and Core Ideas. Integrated and reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences. November 2013 ©2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 of 102