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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Tone and Accent in KiYaka A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Lukowa Kidima 1991 © Copyright by Lukowa Kidima 1991 The dissertation of Lukowa Kidima is approved. ~dUL Russell Schuh Hilda pm Bruce Hayes, Commiit?e Chair University of California, Los Angeles 1991 ii To My late father Kakhuunda Luhaangu My late uncle Maloongi Mabeela and My mother Lukoowa Inyeengi iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 IN'1"R.ODUcrION ........................................................................ 1 1.0 Objective ............................................................................... 1 1.1 General Background ................................................................. 1 1.2 Segmental Inventory and Syllable Structure ....................................... 2 1.2.1 Vowels .............................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Consonants ........................................................................... 3 1.2.3 Syllable Structure .................................................................. 6 1.3 Morphology ......................................................................... o. 9 1.4 Previous Descriptions ........ 10 0 ......................... ;. • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 1.5 Organisation of the Dissertation ..................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2 NOUNS .................................................................................... 13 2.0 Int:rc><iuction ........................................................................... 13 1 2.1 Phonetic Tones ........................................................................ 13 2.2 Tone Groups and Tone Patterns .................................................... 14 2.3 Analysis ................................................................................ 18 2.3.1 Tone Donation ...................................................................... 18 2.3.2 Accent ............................................................................... 22 2.3.3 Accent Rules ........................... 26 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.3.4 Tone Rules ........................ 31 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.3.4.1 elitic Group bounded Tone Rules ............................................. 33 2.3.4.2 P-Phrase bounded Tone Rules ............. 38 o ................................ 0 •• 2.3.4.3 Rule Inventory ............ '" .................................................... 47 2.4 Sample Derivations ....................................... ~ ........................... 49 2.4.1 Marked Patterns .................................................................... 49 iv 2.4.1.1 Marked Final ..................................................................... 49 2.4.1.2 Marked Nonfinal ................................................................. 52 2.4.2 Unmarked Patterns ............................. , ................................... 55 2.4.2.1 Unmarked· Final .............................................................. ~ ... 56 2.4.2.2 Unmarked Nonfmal ............................................................. 58 2.4.3 Two Further Tone Patterns ....................................................... 6() 2.5 Tone Donation in the 1.exicon ....................................................... 64- 2.5.1 Derived Noun Stems ..................... ~ ......................................... 64- 2.5.1.1 Reduplication ..................................................................... 64- 2.5.1.2 Compounding .................................................................... 71 2.5.2 Verb Forms ......................................................................... 83 2.6 Summary .............................................................................. 86 CHAPTER 3 VERBS ......•.............................................................................. 88 3.0 Introduction ........................................................................... 88 3.1 Tone Patterns and Tone Groups .................................................... 89 3.1.1 Infinitives ........................................................................... 91 3.1.1.1 CV- Verb Roots .................................................................. 92 3.1.1.2 CVC-Roots ....................................................................... 97 3.1.1.3 CVVC- Roots .................................................................... 98 3.1.2 Finite Verb Forms ................................................................. 100 3.1.2.1.a Immediate Past ................................................................. 102 -3. 1.2. l.b Negative Immediate Past ..................................................... 105- 3.1.2.2 Remote Past...................................................................... 108 3.1.2.2.a Affirmative Remote Past. ..................................................... 108 3.1.2.2.b Negative Remote Past ........................................................ 111 . 3.1.2.3 F'UTURE .......................................................................... 112 3.1.2.3.a Affirmative Future ............................................................. 112 3.1.2~3.b Negative Future ............................................................... 115 3.1.2.4 CONDmONAL ................................................................. 117 3.1.2.5 Imperative ........................................................................ 119 3.1.2.5.a Affirmative Imperative ..........: ............................................. 119 v 3.1.2.5.b Negative Imperative ............................................................ 121 3.2. Two Further Tone Patterns ......................................................... 122 3.3 Summary .............................................................................. 125 ADDENDUM TO aIAPIERS 2 AND 3 .............................................. 126 1.0 Int:rc>duction ........................................................................... 126 1.1 Van den Eynde's Description ....................................................... 126 1.2 Meeussen's Description ...............................· . .............................. 133 1.3 Goldsmith's Analysis ................................................................ 134 1.4 Summary ............................................................................... 136 CHAPTER 4 PROSODIC DOMAIN'S .............................. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. 137 4.0 Introduction ........................................................................... 137 4.1 The Prosodic Hierarchy .............................................................. 139 4.2 The Clitic Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 140 4.2.1 Motivation for the Clitic Group ................................................... 143 4.2.1.1 H-Insertion .................... 144- 0 0 ••••• 0 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4.2.1.2 Cliric-Group bounded Rules ................................................... 152 4.3 The Phonological Phrase .... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 163 4.3.0 Introduction ......................................................................... 163 4.3.1 Description .......................................................................... 164 4.3.1.1 Basic Word Order ....... ...................... . ............................... 164 4.3.1.2 Phrasing in IP ..................................................................... 166 4.3.1.3 Phrasing in NP ................................................................... 180 4.3.2 Analysis ............................................................................. 184 4.3.2.1 Phrasing in NP ................................................................... 185 4.3.2.2 Phra.sing in IP .................................................................... ~. 194 4.3.2.2.1 Postverbal Focus .............................................................. 196 4.3.2.2.2 Non-Focused Old Infonnation .............................................. 201 4.3.2.2.3 Preverbal Focus ............................................................... 208 4.3.2.2.4 Citation Forms ................................................................. 219 vi 4.3.2.2.5 Multifocus ...................................................................... 222 4.3.2.2.6 Sentential Objects ............................................................. 224 4.4 Summary .............................................................................. 226 APPENDICES ....................................... ·. ..................................... 228 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 234 vii LIST·OF ABBREVIATIONS C: clitie group CONP: connective phrase Cop: copula Oem: demonstrative FV: final vowel G: tone group H: high tone imp: imperative ip: immediate past L: low tone LP: locative phrnse MS: macro stem OA: object agreement marker OCP: Obligatory Contour Principle p: prosodic constituent Poss. possessive R: raised H tone rp: remote past SA: subject agreement marker T: tone pattern TBU: tone bearing unit 1M tense marker UR: underlying representation VR: verb root VU: verbal unit viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my Committee Chair and academic advisor, Professor Bruce Hayes, for many reasons. He was the only one to listen to me when I started talking about the unusual nature of tonal phenomena in Kiyaka. He provided me with the necesary encouragement and motivation, as well as support I needed to complete this work. His many comments and suggestions helped to clarified my ideas and intuitions on many crucial points. This dissertation has benefited tremendously from Bruce's input. I also wish to thank my other Committee Members, Russell' Schuh, Hilda Koopman, Carlos Otero, and Marianne Celce-Murcia for their comments. I am especially grateful to Hilda Koopman for the discussions of the syntax of Kiyaka. Thanks are due to the many colleagues and other linguists who shared their ideas with me and contributed to this work in many ways. I am thinking of Abby Cohn, Kinyalolo Kasangati, Lee Bickmore, Brian McHugh, Tom Cornell, Michel Jackson, Ian Maddieson, Larry Hyman, John Goldsmith, Laura Downing, Mutaka Ngessimo, and Laura Knecht, who was a teacher and a mentor to me at the University of Pittsburgh. I would like to thank the many people who gave me their friendship, support and hospitality during all these years of going to school. I would especially mention Kayolo Barthelemy and Florentine Ngunga, Bandembwasa Dia Potolo Th6od0re et Mamie, Mfutila wa Buka Fran~ois, Kabeya Nkweto and Jose Palamu, Abbe Nzala Kianza Louis, Buzika Edouard, Niakata Raphael, Sulla Hubert and Diane N'Somp. Kazadi wa Mashinda Corneille and Gabie Mwansa, Sinkung Kalukul Maurice and Adrienne, Steve and Beatrice Luvwefwa Miller, Rachel Fretz, Ntantu Ibuia and ix