To the Right Honourable Amber Rudd, MP We write as members of the international community of academic philosophers, including many from the UK. We ask you to reconsider the decision to refuse Hamza bin Walayat’s request for asylum on the grounds of his inability to answer correctly questions about ancient Greek philosophers (Plato and Aristotle). We are puzzled by the presupposition of the Home Office that knowledge of these philosophers is a requirement for authentic self-identification as a humanist. In particular, we would like to draw attention to the following: 1. The Western philosophical canon is not the basis of the curriculum in all countries. To expect someone from Pakistan to know about ​ Western philosophy is like expecting someone from Britain to know about Islamic philosophy. Indeed, Plato and Aristotle do not feature in the compulsory years 1-12 levels of the UK National Curriculum: one would have to study A-Level Philosophy or Religious Studies to encounter them. UNESCO reports that “The main goal of education in Pakistan is to develop citizens who live their lives according to the teachings of Islam as stated in the Quran and Sunnah but also to become true practicing Muslims” (RUSHAP 2010). This is obviously incompatible with the open inclusion of humanism. 2. The nomination of Plato and Aristotle as humanists has no scholarly basis. There are several operative senses of ‘humanism’ within modern Western intellectual history (see, e.g., Cooper 1999), none of which owe any distinctive debt to Plato and Aristotle. Indeed, one of the most important modern conceptions of humanism appeals to the ‘naturalism’ expressed in the modern scientific worldview - a development that only emerged in the last four hundred years (see, e.g., Kitcher 2011, Kurtz 1973). Moreover, the Home Office’s claim that Plato and Aristotle could be considered precursor humanists makes no sense: Plato wasn't a "humanist" in the sense of that term specified in this article by Humanists UK, namely this: "As a descriptive term, humanists can be someone who has simply rejected religious belief but holds some positive conception of human values." Plato does not "reject religious belief": he presents arguments for the existence of a divine creator and the immortality and transmigration of the soul. And there is scholarly debate about the extent to which he can be said to hold a "positive conception of human values": in many of his mature works he proposes a theory of Forms, which locates the source of value in a supernatural domain independent of the human world. Aristotle is also complex: he believes in an objective human good, but he also believes that this good is shaped by its relation to a divine Unmoved Mover. Humanists in past ages disagreed - often fiercely - amongst themselves about the relevance to their projects of Plato and Aristotle, let alone their status as precursors. 3. For someone to be a sincere atheist (or theist), they don't have to know very much about the philosophy of atheism (or theism). Many sincere adherents of many religions do not have an extensive philosophical or theological understanding of the doctrines and practices they profess (nor need they): what is primary is one’s commitment to a set of values and convictions, expressed through one’s life and conduct (see, e.g., Cottingham 2005). It is not necessary to be an intellectually engaged scholar of humanism in order to be classed as an authentic humanist. (By this absurd criterion, there would only be hundreds, not millions, of ‘authentic’ Christians in the UK, since intellectually sophisticated understanding of doctrines like the Trinity is confined to those with academic training in theology). 4. For someone to be persecuted, perhaps killed, for being a sincere atheist (or theist, or humanist), they need to know nothing about the philosophy of atheism (or theism, or humanism). Therefore, we deem it unreasonable for the Home Office to make decisions about asylum on the basis of anyone's philosophical sophistication. The decision concerning Hamza bin Walayat’s asylum request should therefore be reconsidered immediately. References Cooper, David E. (1999) ‘Humanism and the scientific worldview’, Theoria ​ 93: 1-17. Cottingham, John (2005) The Spiritual Dimension: Religion, Philosophy, ​ and Human Value (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ​ Kitcher, Philip (2011) ‘Militant modern atheism’, Journal of Applied ​ Philosophy 28.1: 1-13. ​ Kurtz, Paul (ed.) (1973) The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of ​ Humanism (London: Pemberton). ​ Law, Stephen (2011) Humanism, A Very Short Introduction (Oxford ​ ​ University Press). RUSHAP (Regional Unit for Social and Human Sciences in Asia-Pacific ​ (RUSHSAP) (2010) Summary of the Teaching of Philosophy in Pakistan, ​ ​ ​ UNESCO Bangkok, http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/shs/Philosophy/Country_s ummary_updated_Aug2010/Summary_of_the_Teaching_of_Philosophy_in _Pakistan.pdf Signed by Dr. Helen De Cruz, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, Oxford Brookes University http://helendecruz.net/cv.html Professor Christopher Bertram, Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol http://www.bristol.ac.uk/school-of-arts/people/christopher-d-bertram/index.h tml Professor James Lenman, Department of Philosophy, University of Sheffield http://www.jimmylenman.com/curriculum-vitae.html Dr. Tasia Scrutton, Associate Professor, University of Leeds https://www.leeds.ac.uk/arts/profile/20042/958/anastasia_philippa_scrutton Dr. Rebecca Roache, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, Royal Holloway, University of London Dr. Ian James Kidd, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Nottingham https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/Philosophy/People/ian.kidd Katherine Dormandy, DPhil (Oxford), Lise-Meitner Research Fellow, University of Innsbruck https://katherinedormandy.com/ ​ Dr. Brendan Larvor, Reader in Philosophy, University of Hertfordshire http://researchprofiles.herts.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/brendan-larvor%28c13 854a3-738d-4988-92cb-0411199682e2%29.html%20target= Liam Kofi Bright, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Logic, and Scientific Method, at the London School of Economics https://www.liamkofibright.com/ Dr. Kate Kirkpatrick, Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Hertfordshire http://researchprofiles.herts.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/kate-kirkpatrick(bdebcd df-e09c-4136-8cdd-276d3972b185).html Professor Angie Hobbs, Professor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy, University of Sheffield http://angiehobbs.com/ Professor Jennifer Saul, Department of Philosophy, University of Sheffield https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/philosophy/staff/profiles/saul Dr. Komarine Romdenh-Romluc, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Sheffield https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/philosophy/staff/profiles/romdenh-romluc Dr. Jonathan Lanman, School of History, Anthropology, Philosophy, and Politics, Queen’s University Belfast https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/jonathan-lanman(a665b5b5-768c- 406c-a749-915760103031).html Dr. Joseph Kisolo-Ssonko, Teaching Associate, Department of Philosophy, University of Nottingham Dr. Chris Woodard, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Nottingham Dr. Zachary Hoskins, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Nottingham Dr. Stephen Law, Reader in Philosophy, Heythrop College, University of London. Member of the Humanist Philosophers’ Group and author of Humanism: A Very Short Introduction (OUP 2011) ​ Dr. Craig French, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Nottingham Professor David Papineau, King’s College London and City University of New York http://www.davidpapineau.co.uk/ Dr. Matthew Duncombe, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Nottingham. I am a specialist in Ancient Greek philosophy. I wrote my PhD, awarded by the University of Cambridge, on Plato and have published extensively on the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/Philosophy/People/matthew.duncombe. ​ Dr. Rebecca Bamford, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Quinnipiac University & Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, University of Fort Hare http://www.rebeccabamford.com/ Dr. Kenneth L. Pearce, Ussher Assistant Professor in Berkeley Studies (Early Modern Philosophy), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland http://www.kennypearce.net/cv.html Dr. Mark Jago, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Nottingham Professor Bill Brewer, Susan Stebbing Professor of Philosophy and Head of Department, King’s College London https://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/philosophy/people/staff/academic/bre wer/index.aspx Dr. Eleanor Knox, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, King’s College London Dr. Shaul Tor, Lecturer in Ancient Philosophy, King’s College London Dr. Ellen Fridland, Lecturer in Philosophy, King’s College London Dr. Sara L. Uckelman, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Durham University http://community.dur.ac.uk/s.l.uckelman/ ​ Dr. Clayton Littlejohn, Reader in Philosophy, King’s College London Professor David E. Cooper, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Durham ​ University Dr Katharine Jenkins, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Nottingham Dr. John Callanan, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, King’s College London Professor A C Grayling CBE, Master of New College of Humanities, Supernumerary Fellow of St Anne’s College, Oxford, and Co-Editor of the Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism. http://acgrayling.com/ ​ ​ Dr Nigel Warburton, Freelance Philosopher. Professor John Harris, Professor Emeritus, University of Manchester and Visiting Professor in Bioethics Department of Global Health & Social Medicine School of Global Affairs, King’s College London. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/john.harris/ Professor Kate Soper, Emerita Professor of Philosophy, London Metropolitan University. https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_378601_en.pdf ​ Professor Helen Beebee, Samuel Hall Professor of Philosophy, University of Manchester. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/helen-beebe e(6da7f62b-cee9-4fd6-bff3-ba30cbe339c7).html Dr Ardon Lyon, ex Lecturer at Durham and City universities. Professor Janet Radcliffe Richards, Professor of Practical Philosophy, University of Oxford https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/people/janet-radcliffe-richards Professor Eric Olson, Professor of Philosophy, University of Sheffield https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/philosophy/staff/profiles/eolson Professor Simon Blackburn, Professor of Philosophy, University of Cambridge https://www.phil.cam.ac.uk/people/teaching-research-pages/blackburn Professor R A Duff (Emeritus), Department of Philosophy, University of Stirling https://www.stir.ac.uk/people/11761 ​ Nick Everitt, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of East Anglia http://www.philbooks.eclipse.co.uk/ Peter Cave, Lecturer in Philosophy for The Open University and City University, London and Chair of the Humanist Philosophers Group. https://oneworld-publications.com/peter-cave.html Professor Richard Norman, Emeritus Professor of Moral Philosophy, University of Kent https://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/philosophy/staff/norman.html Professor Peter Millican, Professor of Philosophy, University of Oxford https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/people/peter-millican Dr Andrew Chitty, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Sussex http://www.sussex.ac.uk/profiles/8678 Julian Baggini, Associate Reader in Philosophy, University of Kent The Revd Canon Professor Keith Ward, Regius Professor of Divinity Emeritus, Christ Church, University of Oxford http://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/staff/revd-canon-professor-keith-ward Dr. Eliot Michaelson, Lecturer in Philosophy, King’s College London Professor John Benson, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Lancaster University Jonny McIntosh, Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Oxford Professor Neil Levy, Senior Research Fellow, Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford Dr John Tillson, Post Doctoral Teaching Fellow in Philosophy of Education, Liverpool Hope University https://info.hope.ac.uk/aps/index.php/Aps/ext/tillsoj Paul Reynolds, Reader in Sociology and Social Philosophy, Edge Hill University Jack Symes, Teacher of Philosophy and Religious Studies, King Edward VI High School for Girls Dr Hane Maung, Research Associate in Philosophy, Lancaster University http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/ppr/about-us/people/hane-maung Dr Tuomas Pernu, Research Fellow, King's College London http://www.tuomaspernu.london Dr Peter Cheyne, Associate Professor, Shimane University, Visiting Fellow in Philosophy, Durham University Dr. Lauren Ware, Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Kent. I am a specialist in Ancient Greek Philosophy, having written my PhD, and multiple publications, on Plato. http://www.laurenware.me ​ Professor Christopher Norris, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Cardiff University, Wales Dr Graham White, Lecturer, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary, University of London http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/~graham/cvac.pdf Professor Richard Samuels, Department of Philosophy & Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The Ohio State University, USA https://philosophy.osu.edu/people/samuels.58 Dr. Lucy Campbell, Stipendiary Lecturer in Philosophy, Exeter College Oxford; College Lecturer in Philosophy, St. Peter's College Oxford Dr Tom Angier, Senior Lecturer, University of Cape Town University of Leeds Dr. Michiel Meeusen, British Academy Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Classics, King's College London Dr Martin Sticker, Research Fellow in Philosophy, Trinity College Dublin