Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport IIT Madras Traffic Archive Data Management System A Study on the Feasibility of Implementation and Operation in Indian Urban Areas D Sharan Gitakrishnan Ramadurai Transportation Engineering Division Department of Civil Engineering October 2011 This work was carried out as part of the activities in the Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport at IIT Madras sponsored by the Ministry of Urban Development. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Ministry that funded the project or IIT Madras. This report is not a standard, specification, or regulation. Traffic Archive Data Management System A Study on the Feasibility of Implementation and Operation in Indian Urban Areas D Sharan Project Officer Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036, INDIA E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Gitakrishnan Ramadurai Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036, INDIA Ph : 91 44 2257 4298, Fax: 91 44 2257 4252 E-mail: [email protected] October 2011 ii Preface Most successful manufacturing industries have designed their production process around the concepts of lean manufacturing and just-in-time production. This has enabled higher levels output, all the while using the least possible resources, resulting in greater efficiency and larger profits. One of the major limitations in implementing this strategy to the field of transportation engineering has been a lack of data about the traffic demand patterns and an unpredictability of the consumer behavior, in this case, the road users. As a result, adding capacity to the transportation system, in the form of additional lanes or other infrastructure improvements have been the only solutions to alleviating congestion. But, the emergence of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solutions to transportation problems has enabled traffic engineers to improve the efficiency of the transportation system. A Traffic Archive Data Management System (ADMS) is an ITS solution, which provides traffic engineers the ability to store historical traffic data and later analyze and visualize this data to produce meaningful conclusions. Thus, an ADMS is a decision support tool for traffic engineers and policy-makers, helping in every decision making process ranging from the operational level, to the tactical and the strategic level. This study, examines the feasibility of implementing an ADMS for Indian traffic conditions. The various technological aspects and the financial aspects involved in the implementation of such a system are studied and explained in the various sections of this report. Based on a literature review, a set of requirements for the system have been recommended. A high-level design of the system has also been proposed, outlining the different components of the ADMS and their interactions. Finally, potential applications for the ADMS have been explored to illustrate the advantages of implementing and operating such a system. iii Acknowledgements This study on the feasibility of a Traffic Archive Data Management System was completed as part of the activities at the Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport (CoE-UT), IIT Madras, sponsored by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. We thank the Ministry of Urban Development for sponsoring the CoE-UT at IIT Madras. We also thank the Director, Dean (Industrial Consultancy & Sponsored Research), the Head of the Department, Department of Civil Engineering for their support and guidance to the Centre. We thank the Centre Coordinators for providing us the opportunity to work on this project. We also thank the following individuals (and their organizations) who provided information about the general characteristics of their ADMS,  Comune di Bologna (Municipality of Bologna, Italy), Italy: Mr. Cartolano Fabio  Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Turkey: Mr. Batuhan Altun  Rijkswaterstaat-Centre for Transport and Navigation, The Netherlands: Mr. Frans Griens  Roads and Transport Authority, Dubai: Mr. Sheikh Zakir Hussain  Traffic Centre Flanders, Belgium: Mr. Jean-Pierre Vijverman  Transportation Research Institute – Technion on behalf of the Tel Aviv municipality, Israel: Dr. Ayelet Galtzur  University of Illinois at Chicago, United States: Dr. John F Dillenburg iv Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 2.Background ......................................................................................................................... 2  2.1.  What is an Archive Data Management System? ......................................................... 2  2.2.  Uses and Applications of an ADMS ............................................................................. 3  3.Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………. 5  3.1.  Archive Data Management Systems in Operation ....................................................... 5  3.1.1.  PeMS - California ........................................................................................... 5  3.1.2.  ADMS – Virginia ........................................................................................... 10  3.1.3.  Portal – Oregon ............................................................................................ 13  3.1.4.  OASIS - South Korea ................................................................................... 14  3.1.5.  Dalili - Dubai ................................................................................................. 16  3.1.6 Other systems . ............................................................................................ 18  3.2.  ITS Standards ............................................................................................................. 21  3.2.1.  National ITS Architecture - U.S. ................................................................... 21  3.2.2.  UTMC - U.K. ................................................................................................. 24  4.Data Description………..………………………………………………………………………27  4.1.  Map Data ..................................................................................................................... 27  4.2.  Transit Data ................................................................................................................. 28  4.3.  Traffic (Highways) Data .............................................................................................. 32  4.4.  Traffic (Arterials) Data ................................................................................................. 33  4.5.  Construction Data ....................................................................................................... 34  4.6.  Incident Data ............................................................................................................... 34  4.7.  Weather Data .............................................................................................................. 35  4.8.  Socio-economic Data .................................................................................................. 35  5.Archive Data Management System – Design……………………………………………… 37  5.1.  ADMS - Requirements ................................................................................................ 37  5.2.  ADMS - Data Design .................................................................................................. 38  5.3.  ADMS - System Design .............................................................................................. 39  5.3.1.  Input Layer ................................................................................................... 42  5.3.2.  Data, Programs Layer .................................................................................. 53  5.3.3.  Output Layer ................................................................................................ 55  6.Estimated Costs………………………………………………………………………………..57  v 6.1.  Set-up Costs ............................................................................................................... 57  6.1.1.  Hardware Set-up Costs ................................................................................ 58  6.1.2.  Software Set-up Costs ................................................................................. 60  6.2.  Operational Costs ....................................................................................................... 60  6.3.  Upgrade Costs ............................................................................................................ 61  7.Applications of ADMS – Indian Traffic Scenario……………………………………………63  7.1.  Recommending Infrastructure Improvement Projects to the Worst Recurrent Bottlenecks .................................................................................................................. 63  7.2.  Studying the Impact of Infrastructure Improvement Projects on Operational Efficiency ..................................................................................................................................... 64  7.3.  Improving the Efficiency of Operations of the Transportation System ...................... 65  7.3.1.  Traffic Signals .............................................................................................. 66  7.3.2.  Transit .......................................................................................................... 66  7.4.  Advance Traveler Information System – Highway users ........................................... 66  7.5.  Advance Traveler Information System – Transit users .............................................. 68  7.6.  Environmental Analyses ............................................................................................. 68  7.7.  Recommend Improvement Projects to Accident-prone Road Sections .................... 69  7.8.  Emergency Management ............................................................................................ 69  7.9.  As a Resource for Traffic Research ........................................................................... 70  7.10. Commercial Applications ............................................................................................ 70  7.10.1.  Applications for Third-Party Value Added Resellers ................................. 70  7.10.2.  Applications for Logistics Service Providers .............................................. 71  7.11. A Vision for the Future ................................................................................................ 71  7.11.1.  Mobile Phone Service Providers ............................................................... 71  7.11.2.  Commercial Traffic Information Providers ................................................. 72  8.Vision for the Future……………………………………………………………………………75  8.1.  Inter-vehicular Communication & Communication with the Infrastructure ................. 75  8.2.  Congestion Pricing ...................................................................................................... 75  8.2.1.  Network Level .............................................................................................. 75  8.2.2.  Regional Level ............................................................................................. 76  8.3.  VMT (Vehicle Miles (Kilometers) Travelled), Vehicle Type Based Taxation ............. 76  8.4.  Increased carpooling due to widespread use of social networks .............................. 76  8.5.  Multi-modal transportation system.............................................................................. 80  8.6.  Autonomous driving .................................................................................................... 80  vi 8.7.  Personal Rapid Transit ............................................................................................... 80  8.8.  Auctioning of Road Infrastructure - Private Toll Roads Operators ............................ 81  9.Summary ........................................................................................................................... 83  10.References ...................................................................................................................... 85  vii List of Figures Figure 3-1 PeMS - System Design Schematic ............................................................................... 6  Figure 3-2 A contour plot of speed (above) and a chart (below) showing the occupancy of detectors over time to identify potential bottlenecks ...................................................................... 9  Figure 3-3 ADMS Virginia Project Implementation Procedure .................................................... 11  Figure 3-4 ADUS System Design ................................................................................................. 13  Figure 3-5 Sub-systems of the FALCON platform ....................................................................... 17  Figure 3-6 The U.S. National ITS Architecture - Transportation Layer ....................................... 23  Figure 3-7 UTMC's Logical Reference Model .............................................................................. 25  Figure 3-8 UTMC's Functional Reference Model ......................................................................... 25  Figure 4-1 Example of a transportation network .......................................................................... 28  Figure 4-2 Example of a VMS displaying transit information ....................................................... 29  Figure 4-3 Example of a system employing video image processing to identify traffic parameters ....................................................................................................................................................... 32  Figure 5-1 An illustration of the proposed Data Design of the ADMS ......................................... 40  Figure 5-3 Illustrations explaining the mechanism of operation of Induction Loop detectors and an example of Induction Loop detectors installed in the field, ..................................................... 43  Figure 5-4 Photographs showing the installaiton of video capture devices installed in the field, 44  Figure 5-5 Illustrations explaining the mechanism of operation of magnetic detectors ............. 45  Figure 5-6 Illustration explaining the mechanism of operation of Bluetooth detectors ............... 47  Figure 5-7 PeMS California - Communication Network ............................................................... 50  Figure 5-8 A sample user-interface of the Freeway Performance Measurement System (PeMS) 10.4 enabling users to submit queries and view the results ........................................................ 55  Figure 7-1 A report generated in the Freeway Performance Measurement System (PeMS) 10.4 listing the top bottlenecks for a given period & given stretch of highway .................................... 64  Figure 7-3 A Variable Message Sign (VMS) in operation ............................................................ 67  Figure 7-4 An illustration generated in the Freeway Performance Measurement System (PeMS) 10.4 showing the travel time estimates for a section of a highway for the different periods of a day ................................................................................................................................................. 68  Figure 7-5 A screen-shot of Google Maps displaying the traffic conditions on the roads of Sydney .......................................................................................................................................... 72  viii List of Tables Table 3-1 Table comparing the salient characteristics of other existing ADMSs ........................ 20  Table 4-1 Table listing the different types of data that could be stored in the ADMS ................. 31  Table 6-1 List of components of the ADMS, specifications, their approximate costs and power consumption .................................................................................................................................. 59  Table 8-1 Table listing the different types of data that could be stored in the ADMS for a likely future scenario .............................................................................................................................. 79  ix Introduction & Background 1