THE PENGUIN HISTORY OF EUROPE General Editor: David Cannadine I. SIMON PRICE AND PETER THONEMANN: The Birth of Classical Europe: A History from Troy to Augustine* II. CHRIS WICKHAM: The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000* III. WILLIAM JORDAN: Europe in the High Middle Ages* IV. ANTHONY GRAFTON: Renaissance Europe V. MARK GREENGRASS: Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1517–1648* VI. TIM BLANNING: The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 1648–1815* VII: RICHARD J. EVANS: The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815–1914 VIII. IAN KERSHAW: To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949* IX. IAN KERSHAW: Fractured Continent: Europe 1950–The Present *already published VIKING An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC 375 Hudson Street New York, New York 10014 penguin.com Copyright © 2015 by Ian Kershaw Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader. First published in Great Britain by Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Random House UK ISBN 978-0-69841150-0 Version_1 Contents Title Page Copyright List of Illustrations List of Maps Acknowledgements Preface Introduction: Europe’s Era of Self-Destruction 1 On the Brink 2 The Great Disaster 3 Turbulent Peace 4 Dancing on the Volcano 5 Gathering Shadows 6 Danger Zone 7 Towards the Abyss 8 Hell on Earth 9 Quiet Transitions in the Dark Decades 10 Out of the Ashes Photographs Select Bibliography Index List of Illustrations 1. An Italian soldier seizes a Muslim flag from vanquished Ottoman troops near Tripoli, 1911. (akg-images) 2. A German caricature of belligerent Europe in 1914. (akg-images) 3. German troops on their way to the battle of the Marne in September 1914. (akg-images/ullstein bild) 4. The ‘Ravine of Death’, battle of Verdun, 1916. (akg-images) 5. A French poster proclaiming a ‘Day of Serbia’ on 25 June 1916 to raise money for Serbian refugees. (akg-images/Jean-Pierre Verney) 6. ‘The Earth in 1916 seen from the Moon’. (akg-images) 7. A speaker from the German USPD addresses the crowd at a funeral on 29 December 1918. (akg-images) 8. A poster showing what Germans claimed Allied demands at the Treaty of Versailles would mean for Germany. (akg-images) 9. French suffragettes in 1919 demanding the vote. (Fox Photos/Getty Images) 10. German propaganda during the Upper Silesian Plebiscite Campaign in 1921. (Universal History Archive/UIG via Getty images) 11. A British tank in Cologne, c. 1920. (akg-images) 12. Signatures of those who negotiated the Treaty of Locarno in 1925. (akg- images/picture-alliance/dpa) 13. A Kulak family is expelled from its farm in Ukraine. (akg-images/RIA Nowosti) 14. A poster advertising the UFA-Palast cinema at Wilhelmshallen am Zoo, Berlin, c. 1930. (akg-images) 15. The Karl-Marx-Hof, Vienna. (ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) 16. A Nazi election rally in Frankfurt am Main, probably 28 July 1932. (akg- images) 17. A guard standing outside the Karl-Marx-Hof in Vienna after a socialist uprising on 12 February 1934. (ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) 18. Fascist propaganda for the Italian ‘election’ of 26 March 1934. (Keystone- France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images) 19. Spanish troops in Africa awaiting their flight home in a Junkers-52 supplied by Nazi Germany, August 1936. (akg-images/ullstein bild) 20. Polish men under German guard in Autumn 1939. (akg-images) 21. Members of a German propaganda company taking photos of abandoned British war material, Dunkirk, May 1940. (akg-images) 22. London citizens taking shelter in an underground station during an air raid, 7 October 1940. (akg-images) 23. A recruiting poster for the Norwegian legion of the Waffen-SS. (akg-images) 24. German, Italian and Hungarian soldiers taken captive by the Red Army in early 1943. (akg-images) 25. Prisoners in the concentration camp at Mauthausen in Austria in 1943. (akg- images/ullstein bild) 26. Anti-Bolshevik propaganda poster for the ‘service of obligatory labour’ (service du travail obligatoire) in France, 1944. (Art Media/Print Collector/Getty Images) 27. Italians watching American tanks pass by the Colosseum after the liberation of Rome on 4 June 1944. (akg-images/Universal Images Group/SeM) 28. Warsaw in ruins at the end of the Second World War. (akg-images/Universal Images Group/Sovfoto) 29. Sudeten Germans near Liberec (Reichenberg) in Czechoslovakia, 6 May 1946. (Sovfoto/UIG via Getty Images) 30. A poster advertising the Marshall Plan. (Archiv Gerstenberg/ullstein bild via Getty Images) List of Maps Europe in 1914 European territorial changes resulting from the First World War Europe under Nazism, late 1942 Europe in 1949 European territorial changes resulting from the Second World War