Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Assessment of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment by using Title intermittently-aerated sequencing batch reactors (IASBRs) Author(s) Pan, Min Publication 2013-10-16 Date Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/4165 Downloaded 2019-04-10T14:44:44Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. Assessment of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment by using intermittently-aerated sequencing batch reactors (IASBRs) Min Pan Research Supervisors: Dr. Xinmin Zhan, Civil Engineering, NUI Galway Prof. Zhenhu Hu, School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, China A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway August 2013 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... I LIST OF ABBREVIATION ..................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGMENT ....................................................................................... VII ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. IX CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH BACKGROUND ................................................... 1 1.2 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES ....................................................................... 3 1.3 PROCEDURES ...................................................................................................... 3 1.4 STRUCTURE OF DISSERTATION ........................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 7 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 7 2.2 SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER ...................................................................... 7 2.3 SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER TREATMENT ................................................. 9 2.3.1 Preliminary and primary treatment ......................................................... 9 2.3.2 Secondary treatment ................................................................................ 10 2.4 SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR ........................................................................ 17 2.5 PARTIAL NITRIFICATION ................................................................................... 20 2.5.1 N cycle ....................................................................................................... 20 2.5.2 Biological nitrogen removal..................................................................... 21 2.6 N2O EMISSION FROM WWTP .......................................................................... 30 2.6.1 Mechanism of N O generation ................................................................ 33 2 2.6.2 Environmental conditions affecting N O emission ................................ 34 2 2.7 Biological P removal .................................................................................... 37 2.8 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3 COMPARISON OF AN IASBR AND A SBR IN NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER .......................................................................................... 39 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 39 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................. 39 3.2.1 Laboratory-scale reactors ....................................................................... 39 3.2.2 Synthetic wastewater ............................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Reactor operation ..................................................................................... 40 3.2.4 Batch experiments on P release ............................................................... 40 3.2.5 Analytical procedures .............................................................................. 41 I 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .............................................................................. 43 3.3.1 Overall performance of the IASBR and the SBR ................................. 43 3.3.2 Phase study on the nitrification, denitrification and P removal .......... 44 3.4 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 4 EFFECT OF CYCLE DURATION ON SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING IASB C .............................................................. 49 4.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 49 4.2.1 Slaughterhouse wastewater ..................................................................... 51 4.2.2 Laboratory-scale IASBR system ............................................................ 51 4.2.3 Operation of the laboratory-scale IASBR systems ............................... 53 4.2.4 Analytical procedures .............................................................................. 54 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................ 55 4.3.1 Overall performance of IASBRs............................................................. 55 4.3.2 Microbial community analysis ................................................................ 58 4.3.3 Cycle performance study ......................................................................... 62 4.4 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM THE IASBR TREATING SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER IN STAGE 2 .................. 69 5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 69 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................. 69 5.2.1 Laboratory-scale IASBR system ............................................................ 69 5.2.2 N O measurement .................................................................................... 69 2 5.2.3 Calculation of N O emission and generation ......................................... 70 2 5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................ 72 5.3.1 N O generation and emission during a typical cycle in the IASBRs ... 72 2 5.3.2 N O generation in nitrification ............................................................... 76 2 5.3.3 N O generation in denitrification ........................................................... 78 2 5.3.4 Effect of PHB on N O generation ........................................................... 80 2 5.4 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 6 EFFECTS OF THE ORGANIC LOADING RATE ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL IN THE IASBRS TREATING SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER ........... 85 6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 85 6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................. 85 6.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .............................................................................. 86 6.3.1 Overall performance of IASBRs............................................................. 86 6.3.2 Cycle performance study ......................................................................... 92 6.3.2.1 Stage 3 .................................................................................................... 92 6.3.2.2 Stage 4 .................................................................................................... 96 6.3.4 N O emission and generation .................................................................. 99 2 6.4 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER 7 MICROBIAL COMMUNITY ANALYSIS FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE IN II IASBRS TREATING SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER AT 11 OC ....... 109 7.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 109 7.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................ 109 7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................. 109 7.3.1 Microbial community analysis in Stage 3 ............................................ 109 7.3.2 Microbial community analysis in Stage 4 ............................................ 114 7.3.3 Operation conditions affecting the microbial community of AOB, NOB, and PAOs .......................................................................................................... 118 7.3.4 Sludge growth ......................................................................................... 123 7.4 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 125 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... 127 8.1 OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................... 127 8.2 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................. 127 8.2.1 Comparison of IASBR and SBR technologies on nutrient removal .. 127 8.2.2 Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment using IASBR at 11 oC ........... 128 8.2.3 Summary ................................................................................................. 131 8.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ............................................ 131 BIBIOGRAPHIES ................................................................................................. 133 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ 1 APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATION DURING PHD RESEARCH ......... 1 APPENDIX B: ANALYTICAL METHODS ..................................................................... 3 APPENDIX C: RESEARCH DATA ASSOCIATED TO CHAPTER 3 .................................. 5 APPENDIX D: RESEARCH DATA ASSOCIATED TO CHAPTER 4 .................................. 9 APPENDIX E: RESEARCH DATA ASSOCIATED TO CHAPTER 5 ................................ 35 APPENDIX F: RESEARCH DATA ASSOCIATED TO CHAPTER 6 ................................. 51 APPENDIX G: RESEARCH DATA ASSOCIATED TO CHAPTER 7 .............................. 103 III IV List of Abbreviation A2SBR Anaerobic-anoxic SBR NO --N Nitrite-nitrogen 2 ABR Anaerobic baffled reactors NO --N Nitrate-nitrogen 3 AF Anaerobic filter OLR Organic loading rates AMO Ammonia mono-oxygenase O&G Oil and grease ANAMMOX Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing OM Organic matter AOB Ammonia oxidizing bacteria PAC Polyaluminium chloride AUR NH +-N utilization rates PAOs Phosphorus accumulating organisms 4 BNR Biological nitrogen removal PHB Polyhydroxybutyrate BOD 5-day biological oxygen demand PLC Programmable logic controller 5 COD Chemical oxygen demand PND Partial nitrification followed by denitrification CO Carbon dioxide PO 3--P Phosphate-phosphorus 2 4 DAF Dissolved-air flotation TN Total nitrogen DO Dissolved oxygen TKN Total Kjeldahl nitrogen DPAOs Denitrification phosphate- accumulating organisms TOC Total COD V FA Free ammonia TON Total oxidized nitrogen FISH Fluorescence in situ hybridization TP Total phosphorus FNA Free nitrous acid SBR Sequencing batch reactor FOGs Fat, oil and grease SCOD Soluble COD HAO Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase SHRAON Single reactor with high activity ammonium removal over Nitrite HRT Hydraulic retention time SND Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification IASBR Intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor SS Suspended solids N O Nitrous oxide SRT Sludge retention time 2 NH +-N Ammonium-nitrogen UASB Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor 4 NH OH Hydroxylamine VFA Volatile fatty acids 2 NLR Nitrogen loading rate VSS Volatile suspended solids NOB Nitrite oxidizing bacteria WWPT Wastewater treatment plant VI Acknowledgment I would like to thank my PhD supervisors: Dr. Xinmin Zhan in NUI Galway and Professor Zhenhu Hu in Hefei University of Technology, China for their support, encouragement, guidance and advice during this research. I would like to acknowledge the Department of Civil Engineering, NUI Galway, and the Chinese Scholarship Council supporting my study and living in Ireland. I am grateful to Professor Padraic O’Donoghue, Dr. Piaras Ó hÉachteirn, Dr. Mark Healy and Dr. Eoghan Clifford for their support and suggestion during my studies in Civil Engineering at NUI Galway. I would like to thank Dr. Linwen Xiao and Dr. Guangxue Wu for their great efforts to improve my research and to revise my research papers. I also want to thank friends in NUI Galway: Liam Henry, Colm Kennelly, Paul Forde, Dr. Mingchuan Zhan, Dr. Zaki-ul-zaman, and Dr. Innya Kumar. Thanks a million for their help and suggestion on my research work. I am grateful to the technical staff in the Civil Engineering Department for their help. They are Mr. Gerry Hynes, Ms Mary O’ Brien, Ms. Maja Drapiewsha, Ms. Brid Flaherty, Ms. Carmel King, Ms. Maura McDonagh, Mr. Colm Walsh, and Mr. Peter Fahy. I thank the postdoctoral researchers, research officers and all my post-graduate friends for their daily help. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and my husband, Xiaoming Huang, for their encouragement and the sacrifices they have made in getting me to this stage. VII