TIOMSÚ AGUS RANGÚ i mBUNACHAR SONRAÍ AR CHNUASACH NATHANNA GAEILGE AS SAOTHAR PHEADAIR UÍ LAOGHAIRE Katie Ní Loingsigh, B.C.L., M.A. Fiontar, Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath This thesis is submitted to Dublin City University for the award of PhD in the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Stiúrthóirí: An Dr Brian Ó Raghallaigh, Fiontar, DCU An Dr Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín, Fiontar, DCU Samhain 2016 Dearbhú I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy is entirely my own work, and that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed: (Katie Ní Loingsigh) ID No.: 12210350 Date: 24 May 2016 i Clár ábhair Dearbhú .......................................................................................................................................... i Clár ábhair ...................................................................................................................................... ii Fíoracha .......................................................................................................................................... v Liosta na ngiorrúchán .................................................................................................................. vii Buíochas ........................................................................................................................................ ix Achoimre ....................................................................................................................................... xi Caibidil 1 Léargas ginearálta ar an taighde .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Réamhrá ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Téarmaíocht .................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Cúlra an tionscadail ....................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Cuspóirí an taighde ..................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Leagan amach an tráchtais ......................................................................................... 12 1.6 Achoimre ..................................................................................................................... 13 Caibidil 2 An léirbhreithniú litríochta ..................................................................................... 15 2.1 Réamhrá ...................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Scóip an léirbhreithnithe litríochta ..................................................................... 15 2.1.2 Foinsí ................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.3 Sainmhínithe ....................................................................................................... 18 2.2 An fhrásaíocht ............................................................................................................. 19 2.2.1 Cineálacha frásaeimí ........................................................................................... 21 2.2.2 Nathanna ............................................................................................................. 23 2.2.3 Comhlogaíochtaí ................................................................................................. 27 2.2.4 Scála nádúrthachta ............................................................................................. 29 2.2.5 Airíonna nathanna .............................................................................................. 32 2.2.6 Achoimre ............................................................................................................. 35 2.3 An teangeolaíocht chorpais ........................................................................................ 35 2.3.1 An corpas mar acmhainn .................................................................................... 36 2.3.2 An corpas agus an fhrásaíocht ............................................................................ 37 2.3.3 Taighde corpasbhunaithe agus corpasdírithe ..................................................... 39 2.3.4 Dea-chleachtas: corpas a thiomsú ...................................................................... 41 2.3.5 Anótáil corpais .................................................................................................... 43 2.3.6 Córas cuardaigh corpais ...................................................................................... 46 2.3.7 Achoimre ............................................................................................................. 50 2.4 Rangú nathanna .......................................................................................................... 51 2.4.1 Scéimeanna rangaithe nathanna ........................................................................ 51 2.4.2 Mórbhunachair frásaíochta ................................................................................ 57 2.4.3 Léacslann: ardán foclóireachta agus téarmaíochta ............................................ 61 2.4.4 Achoimre ............................................................................................................. 62 2.5 Nathanna na Gaeilge ................................................................................................... 63 2.5.1 An fhoclóireacht agus nathanna na Gaeilge ....................................................... 63 2.5.2 Taighde ar nathanna na Gaeilge ó 1880 ............................................................. 67 2.5.3 Peadar Ó Laoghaire agus nathanna Mhúscraí .................................................... 71 2.5.4 Achoimre ............................................................................................................. 79 2.6 An léirbhreithniú litríochta: achoimre ........................................................................ 80 Caibidil 3 An mhodheolaíocht ................................................................................................ 82 3.1 Réamhrá ...................................................................................................................... 82 3.2 Sonraí corpais: foinsí agus ullmhú .............................................................................. 83 ii 3.2.1 Struchtúr an chorpais .......................................................................................... 84 3.2.2 Corpas a thiomsú ................................................................................................ 87 3.3 Imscrúdú corpais ......................................................................................................... 91 3.3.1 Feidhmeanna an chuardaigh ............................................................................... 93 3.3.2 Struchtúr an chuardaigh ..................................................................................... 96 3.3.3 An cuardach a thástáil ......................................................................................... 97 3.3.4 An corpas a chuardach agus na dúshláin a bhain leis ....................................... 101 3.3.5 Nathanna sa bhunachar nathanna .................................................................... 106 3.4 An bunachar nathanna (BNL) .................................................................................... 108 3.4.1 Scéimre BNL: nathanna a thaifeadadh agus a mhíniú ...................................... 109 3.4.2 Scéimre BNL: nathanna a rangú ........................................................................ 116 3.4.3 Dúshláin ............................................................................................................ 118 3.5 Achoimre ar na modheolaíochtaí taighde ................................................................ 120 Caibidil 4 BNL: An bunachar nathanna ................................................................................ 123 4.1 Réamhrá .................................................................................................................... 123 4.2 Struchtúr BNL ............................................................................................................ 123 4.2.1 Struchtúr inmheánach: catagóir nath ............................................................... 124 4.2.2 Struchtúr inmheánach: catagóirí eile ................................................................ 136 4.3 Áiseanna eagarthóireachta Léacslann ...................................................................... 145 4.4 BNL poiblí .................................................................................................................. 150 4.5 Dúshláin .................................................................................................................... 150 4.6 Achoimre ................................................................................................................... 153 Caibidil 5 Plé agus conclúidí .................................................................................................. 154 5.1 Achoimre ................................................................................................................... 154 5.2 Srianta leis an taighde ............................................................................................... 155 5.2.1 Corpas a thiomsú agus a chuardach ................................................................. 156 5.2.2 Bunachar nathanna a chruthú .......................................................................... 157 5.3 Torthaí an taighde ..................................................................................................... 158 5.3.1 Tábhacht an réamhfhocail i nathanna .............................................................. 161 5.3.2 Úsáid uimhreacha i nathanna ........................................................................... 162 5.3.3 Comhréir nathanna ........................................................................................... 163 5.3.4 Focail choitianta i nathanna .............................................................................. 164 5.3.5 Béim a chur in iúl i nathanna ............................................................................ 165 5.3.6 Nathanna iontaisithe ......................................................................................... 166 5.4 Moltaí le haghaidh tuilleadh taighde ........................................................................ 169 5.4.1 Taighde teangeolaíochta ................................................................................... 169 5.4.2 Taighde canúineolaíochta ................................................................................. 171 5.5 Nóta Scoir .................................................................................................................. 172 Tagairtí ...................................................................................................................................... 173 Gluais......................................................................................................................................... 213 Aguisín A An bunachar nathanna i bhformáid PDF .............................................................. 216 Aguisín B Doiciméadacht an bhunachair nathanna ............................................................. 451 B.1 <aicme comhréire> ................................................................................................... 451 B.2 <aicme séimeantaice> .............................................................................................. 451 B.3 <aicme úsáide> ......................................................................................................... 451 B.4 <faisnéiseoir> ............................................................................................................ 452 B.5 <foinse bhreise> ........................................................................................................ 453 B.6 <foinse chorpais> ...................................................................................................... 453 B.7 <nath> ....................................................................................................................... 454 Aguisín C Liosta nathanna (sampla) ..................................................................................... 458 C.1 Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill 1977a) .................................................................. 458 C.2 Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla (Dinneen 1927a) ....................................................... 463 Aguisín D Liosta minicíochta leamaí (sampla) ...................................................................... 466 iii D.1 Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill 1977a) .................................................................. 466 D.2 Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla (Dinneen 1927a) ....................................................... 467 Aguisín E Foinsí an chorpais ................................................................................................. 468 iv Fíoracha Fíor 1: Achoimre Cowie (1998a, lch 7) ar fhorbairt scéim rangaithe Vinogradov ........................ 8 Fíor 2: Scála bunaithe ar rangú Cowie, Mackin agus McCaig (1983) .......................................... 30 Fíor 3: Contanam bunaithe ar rangú Howarth (1998) ................................................................ 30 Fíor 4: Contanam bunaithe ar rangú Moon (1998) ..................................................................... 31 Fíor 5: Contanam comhlogaíochtaí agus nathanna .................................................................... 54 Fíor 6: Leabhair fhoilsithe le Peadar Ó Laoghaire de réir aicmiú Uí Chuív (1954) ...................... 86 Fíor 7: Aibhsiú ar roinnt samplaí de bhuntéacs neamhchaighdeánaithe ................................... 90 Fíor 8: Aibhsiú ar roinnt samplaí de bhuntéacs caighdeánaithe ................................................ 90 Fíor 9: Cuardach simplí ar an bhfocal ‘cluas’ in Sketch Engine. .................................................. 94 Fíor 10: Achoimre focail ar an bhfocal ‘béal’ in Sketch Engine ................................................... 95 Fíor 11: Leamaí an liosta minicíochta cuardaigh ....................................................................... 100 Fíor 12: Torthaí an chuardaigh ar leamaí a bhain le baill den chorp liostaithe in ord minicíochta na leamaí ............................................................................................................... 103 Fíor 13: Torthaí Thástáil 1 agus Thástáil 2 liostaithe in ord minicíochta na leamaí .................. 103 Fíor 14: Torthaí Thástáil 2a liostaithe in ord minicíochta na leamaí ......................................... 104 Fíor 15: Torthaí Thástáil 3 liostaithe in ord minicíochta na leamaí .......................................... 104 Fíor 16: Torthaí an chuardaigh ar chomhpháirteanna den nath: ar thalamh (tirim) na hÉireann .................................................................................................................................... 105 Fíor 17:Torthaí an chuardaigh: [lemma="talamh"][]{1,4}[lemma="Éire"] ............................... 106 Fíor 18: Sampla de nath iontaisithe .......................................................................................... 111 Fíor 19: Nath gan sampla i gcomhthéacs .................................................................................. 113 Fíor 20: Leagan amach na faisnéise sna samplaí breise............................................................ 114 Fíor 21: Cur síos ar an nath ....................................................................................................... 115 Fíor 22: Sampla de nótaí breise a fuarthas ó fhaisnéiseoirí ...................................................... 116 Fíor 23: Nótaí úsáide ................................................................................................................. 116 Fíor 24: Rangú séimeantach nathanna ..................................................................................... 117 Fíor 25: Rangú comhréireach nathanna ................................................................................... 118 Fíor 26: Iontráil shamplach: nath .............................................................................................. 125 Fíor 27: Aitreabúidí catagóire: nath .......................................................................................... 125 Fíor 28: Maceilimintí catagóire: nath ........................................................................................ 125 Fíor 29: Aitreabúidí: <bunfhoirm> ............................................................................................ 126 Fíor 30: Aitreabúidí: <ceannfhocal> .......................................................................................... 127 Fíor 31: Aitreabúidí: <sampla corpais> ..................................................................................... 128 Fíor 32: Aitreabúidí: <cur síos> ................................................................................................. 129 Fíor 33: Aitreabúidí: <sampla breise> ....................................................................................... 130 Fíor 34: Aitreabúidí: <aicme úsáide> ........................................................................................ 131 Fíor 35: Aitreabúidí: <aicme séimeantaice> ............................................................................. 132 Fíor 36: Aitreabúidí: <aicme comhréire> .................................................................................. 134 Fíor 37: Aitreabúidí: <crostagairt> ............................................................................................ 134 Fíor 38: Aitreabúidí: <eolas breise> .......................................................................................... 135 Fíor 39: Sampla d’eolas breise .................................................................................................. 135 Fíor 40: Iontráil shamplach: aicme comhréire .......................................................................... 136 Fíor 41: Maceilimintí catagóire: aicme comhréire .................................................................... 136 Fíor 42: Aitreabúidí: <teideal> .................................................................................................. 137 Fíor 43: Iontráil shamplach: aicme séimeantaice ..................................................................... 137 Fíor 44: Aitreabúidí: <aicme séimeantaice> ............................................................................. 137 Fíor 45: Maceilimintí catagóire: aicme séimeantaice ............................................................... 137 Fíor 46: Aitreabúidí: <teideal> .................................................................................................. 138 Fíor 47: Iontráil shamplach: aicme úsáide ................................................................................ 138 Fíor 48: Aitreabúidí: <aicme úsáide> ........................................................................................ 138 Fíor 49: Maceilimintí catagóire: aicme úsáide .......................................................................... 138 Fíor 50: Aitreabúidí: <teideal> .................................................................................................. 139 v Fíor 51: Iontráil shamplach: faisnéiseoir ................................................................................... 139 Fíor 52: Maceilimintí catagóire: faisnéiseoir ............................................................................. 139 Fíor 53: Aitreabúidí: <faisnéiseoir> ........................................................................................... 140 Fíor 54: Aitreabúidí: <aois> ....................................................................................................... 140 Fíor 55: Aitreabúidí: <slí bheatha> ............................................................................................ 140 Fíor 56: Aitreabúidí: <seoladh> ................................................................................................. 141 Fíor 57: Iontráil shamplach: foinse bhreise ............................................................................... 141 Fíor 58: Aitreabúidí: <foinse bhreise> ....................................................................................... 141 Fíor 59: Maceilimintí catagóire: foinse bhreise ......................................................................... 142 Fíor 60: Aitreabúidí: <teideal> .................................................................................................. 142 Fíor 61: Aitreabúidí: <údar> ...................................................................................................... 142 Fíor 62: Aitreabúidí: <dáta> ...................................................................................................... 143 Fíor 63: Iontráil shamplach: foinse chorpais ............................................................................. 143 Fíor 64: Aitreabúidí: <foinse bhreise> ....................................................................................... 143 Fíor 65: Maceilimintí catagóire: foinse chorpais ....................................................................... 143 Fíor 66: Aitreabúidí: <teideal> .................................................................................................. 144 Fíor 67: Aitreabúidí: <údar> ...................................................................................................... 144 Fíor 68: Aitreabúidí: <foilsitheoir> ............................................................................................ 144 Fíor 69: Aitreabúidí: <dáta> ...................................................................................................... 145 Fíor 70: Leathanach baile Léacslann ......................................................................................... 145 Fíor 71: Stoc: An tAthair Peadar ............................................................................................... 146 Fíor 72: Maceilimintí na haicme comhréire .............................................................................. 146 Fíor 73: Torthaí: CUARDACH ..................................................................................................... 147 Fíor 74: Torthaí: ARDCHUARDACH ............................................................................................ 148 Fíor 75: Catagóir: nath: liosta na n-iontrálacha ........................................................................ 149 Fíor 76: Rogha réamhshocraithe na catagóire nath ................................................................. 149 Fíor 77: Rogha na catagóire nath .............................................................................................. 149 Fíor 78: Leathnath: áthas an domhain ...................................................................................... 151 Fíor 79: Leagan amach nathanna ina bhfoirmeacha diúltacha ................................................. 152 Fíor 80: Bunfhoirm mholta an natha ........................................................................................ 153 Fíor 81: Comparáid idir líon na nathanna a liostaítear in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill 1977a) agus Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla (Dinneen 1927a) .................................................. 159 Fíor 82: Comparáid idir nathanna in BNL agus in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill 1977a) .... 159 Fíor 83: Sampla de nath iontaisithe .......................................................................................... 167 Fíor 84: Sampla de nath neamhchaighdeánach ........................................................................ 168 vi Liosta na ngiorrúchán BNC British National Corpus BNL Bunachar Nathanna as saothar Pheadair Uí Laoghaire CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts COBUILD Collins Birmingham University International Language Database COCA Corpus of Contemporary American English CWB Open Corpus Workbench DANTE Database of Analysed Texts in English DIAS Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies ‘Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath’ DuELME Dutch Electronic Lexicon of Multiword Expressions DWDS Das Digitale Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache ‘Foclóir digiteach na Gearmáinise’ EAGLES The Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards ‘An Sainghrúpa Comhairleach maidir le Caighdeáin Innealtóireachta Teanga’ ECD Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary ERPD English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary EURALEX European Association for Lexicography EUROPHRAS European Society of Phraseology FEI Fixed Expressions and Idioms ITÉ Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann NLTK Natural Language Toolkit NCÉ Nua-Chorpas na hÉireann NEID New English-Irish Dictionary OldPhras Online-Lexikon zur diachronen Phraseologie ‘Foclóir ar líne na frásaíochta diacronaí’ LE-PAROLE Language Engineering – Preparatory Action for Linguistic Resources Organization for Language Engineering SkE SketchEngine TLex TshwanLex WS WordSmith Tools vii XCES XML Corpus Encoding Standard XML Extensible Markup Language ‘Teanga Mharcála Inbhreisithe’ viii Buíochas Ba mhaith liom buíochas ó chroí a ghabháil le mo stiúrthóirí, An Dr Brian Ó Raghallaigh agus An Dr Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín, a roinn a gcuid saineolais liom agus a chuir comhairle fhónta orm i gcónaí. Ina theannta sin, táim faoi chomaoin ag Fiontar, Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath, a chuir maoiniú ar fáil don chomhaltacht taighde. Gabhaim buíochas ar leith le mo mhuintir, Jerry, Deirdre, Diarmuid agus Máire Rós, a thugann tacaíocht sheasta dom agus a spreagann m’intinn i gcónaí. Tá mé go mór faoi chomaoin ag gach duine a thug cúnamh dom i leith an corpas a thiomsú, go háirithe, foireann Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, a sholáthair foinsí an chorpais dom mar aon le Mícheál Ó Meachair, Edel Ní Bhraonáin, Máire Rós Ní Loingsigh agus David Webb a thug cúnamh dom i leith an ábhair thras-scríofa don chorpas. Táim fíorbhuíoch de Kevin Scannell agus d’Antóin Ó Riagáin as a gcúnamh maidir le foinsí an chorpais a chaighdeánú. Ina theannta sin, ba mhaith liom buíochas a ghabháil leis An Dr Elaine Uí Dhonnchadha, a chuidigh liom i saibhriú teangeolaíochta fhoinsí an chorpais. Ní mór dom buíochas a ghabháil le mo chomhghleacaithe in Fiontar, go háirithe Michal Boleslav Měchura i dtaobh stoc nathanna a chruthú in Léacslann dom agus Gearóid Ó Cleircín a chuir comhairle orm. Ina theannta sin, tá mé go mór faoi chomaoin ag Treasa Ní Lochlainn a roinn a cuid saineolais liom ó thús deireadh an tráchtais. Faoi dheireadh, ba mhaith liom buíochas ó chroí a ghabháil le pobal Mhúscraí as an tsuim a léirigh muintir na háite sa taighde agus as an gcabhair fhial a thug gach duine sa cheantar dom, go háirithe na faisnéiseoirí breise – Domhnall Ó Loingsigh, Dónal Mac Suibhne, Dónal Ó hÉalaithe, Donnchadh Ó Luasaigh, Liam Ó hÉigeartaigh, Tomás Breathnach, Máiréad Uí Lionáird agus Peadar Ó Ceallaigh. ix