TILL GOD INHERITS THE EARTH THE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN IBERIAN WORLD EDITORS LarryJ. Simon(WesternMichiganUniversity) GerardWiegers(RadboudUniversityNijmegen) Arie Schippers(University ofAmsterdam) DonnaM. Rogers(Dalhousie University) IsidroJ. Rivera(University ofKansas) VOLUME 31 TILL GOD INHERITS THE EARTH Islamic Pious Endowments in al-Andalus (9-15th Centuries) BY ALEJANDRO GARCÍA SANJUÁN LEIDEN•BOSTON 2007 On the cover: Arabic inscription commemorating the restoration of a Sevilian mosque's minaret under the supervision of the ߧÈib al-aÈb§sAbå#Umar b. •ayyib (472 h/1079) Courtesy of Cabildo de la Iglesia del Divino Salvador de Sevilla and R. Valencia. This book was published with financial support of the University of Huelva. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data García Sanjuán, Alejandro. [Hasta que Dios herede la tierra English.] Till God inherits the earth : Islamic pious endowments in al-Andalus (9 - 15th centuries) / Alejandro García Sanjuán. p. cm. — (Medieval and early modern Iberian World ; v. 31) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-15358-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-15358-6 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Charitable uses, trusts, and foundations (Islamic law)—Spain. 2. Waqf—Spain—History. 3. Spain—History— Sources. I. Title. II. Series. KKT526.G3713 2006 346.46’064—dc22 2006049273 ISSN 1569-1934 ISBN-13: 978-90-04-15358-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-15358-6 © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands Surely We shall inherit the earth and all that are upon it, and unto Us they shall be returned Qur"àn, XIX, 40 Trans. A.J. Arberry And Zachariah—when he called unto his Lord, ‘O my Lord, leave me not solitary; though Thou art the best of inheritors’ Qur"àn, XXI, 89 Trans. A.J. Arberry It should be known that history is a discipline that has a great number of approaches. Its useful aspects are very many. Its goal is distinguished Ibn Khaldùn, al-Muqaddima Trans. F. Rosenthal CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements ................................................ ix Glossary of Arabic Terms ........................................................ xi Chapter 1 Sources used .................................................... 1 Chapter 2 The use of Islamic jurisprudence as a documentary source ........................................ 24 Chapter 3 Origins and early development of the institution .......................................................... 55 Chapter 4 The Legal Framework: general elements of donations .......................................................... 82 Chapter 5 The family or private a˙bàs ............................ 142 Chapter 6 The aims of pious a˙bàs .................................. 184 Chapter 7 The organisation of mosques and the role of pious endowments ...................................... 243 Chapter 8 The officials responsible for managing the endowment: nàΩir, qà∂ì and ßà˙ib al-a˙bàs ...... 293 Chapter 9 Legal Theory versus Practical Needs: causes and mechanisms to altering donations .......... 337 Chapter 10 Pious endowments in the context of the Andalusian Social Formation .......................... 392 Conclusion .................................................................................. 436 Appendix I Jurists and fuqahà": identification and alphabetical index ............................................ 448 Appendix II Inventory and breakdown of fatàwà included in the Mi'yàr .................................................... 457 Appendix III Tables of Data ................................................ 467 Appendix IV Location of Ibn Rushd’s fatàwà ...................... 477 Appendix V Graphs .............................................................. 479 Appendix VI Texts in Translation ........................................ 484 Sources ........................................................................................ 523 Bibliography ................................................................................ 527 Index .......................................................................................... 539 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present work is the English version of my book Hasta que Dios herede la tierra. Los bienes habices en al-Andalus (siglos X–XV), published in 2002. I have a particular interest in making clear from the begin- ning that this work is not a mere translation of its Spanish prede- cessor. On this premise, three general remarks must be made. In the first place, I have made a special effort to include the most recent books and articles, published after 2002, in the field of Islamic pious endowments, and even others existing prior to that date which were neglected in the Spanish version for different reasons. On the other hand, even if it is true that the general structure and the body of the text are broadly the same, some relevant changes have been introduced in several parts of the book, with the aim of improving perspectives, presentation of subjects, formulation of ideas and even literary style. In the third place, the corpus of documentary sources has been slightly enlarged with new texts and translations, making it richer. For all these reasons, I consider this book a new version of the Spanish one and not a simple translation, even if my con- clusions still remain the same. The aforementioned work was the result of my Ph.D. entitled Los bienes habices en al-Andalus, siglos X al XV. Estudio socio-económico de una institución islámica a través del análisis de las fuentes jurídicas. (The Pious Endowments in al-Andalus, 4th–9th/10th–15th centuries. A social and eco- nomic study of an Islamic institution through the analysis of legal sources). That dissertation was carried out at the Department of Medieval History of the University of Seville and co-directed by Dr. M. González Jiménez and Dr. R. Valencia. It was publicly defended on Monday December 21st 1998 at the Faculty of Geography and History of the University of Seville. I wish to thank all members of the panel for their useful and accurate observations which have helped me to improve several aspects of the contents of this work. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to other colleagues who had the kindness to provide me with their invaluable assistance. I would like to single out Dr. P. Chalmeta who offered suggestions and ideas of great scientific value for the contents of the original research. I am also grateful for the bibliographical help given by