Through the Joint, Interagency, and Multinational Lens: Perspectives on the Operational Environment Volume 1 Dr. David A. Anderson Ms. Heather R. Karambelas General Editors US Army Command and General Staff College Press US Army Combined Arms Center Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Through the Joint, Interagency, and Multinational Lens: Perspectives on the Operational Environment Volume I Dr. David A. Anderson Ms. Heather R. Karambelas General Editors Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Through the joint, interagency, and multinational lens : perspectives on the operational environment / edited by Dr. David A. Anderson and Ms. Heather R. Karambelas. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-940804-21-7 (alk. paper) 1. Unified operations (Military science)--United States. 2. Combined operations (Military science)--United States. 3. United States--Military relations. 4. Interagency coordination- -United States. 5. Civil defense--United States. 6. National security--United States. 7. World politics--21st century. I. Anderson, David A., Dr., editor. II. Karambelas, Heather R., editor. U260.T43 2015 355.3’56--dc23 2015024247 2015 US Army Command and General Staff College Press publications cover a wide variety of military topics. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense. The seal of the US Army Command and General Staff College authenticates this document as an official publication of the US Army Command and General Staff College Press. It is prohibited to use this official seal on any republication without the express written permission of the US Army Command and General Staff College Press. Editor Jennifer B. Fike ii Acknowledgements On behalf of the Department of Joint, Interagency, and Multinational Operations, it is with deepest gratitude we acknowledge the support of the following individuals: The Pro- fessors of DJIMO, who provided peer review and guidance, Dr. David A. Anderson, Dr. Stephen D. Coats, Dr. Donald B. Connelly, and Dr. Jackie D. (Jack) Kem. The department editor Mr. George E. Knapp who provided us with oversight and support. Mr. Steven A. Boylan who took the pictures of contributors. Thank you all. iii Foreword Life-long learning is a continuous endeavor. The Army profession expects our mem- bers to submit scholarly writings and share what they’ve learned through expertise, re- search and experience. These are invaluable contributions to broadening our institution’s professional body of knowledge. Publishing scholarly works benefits the writer’s profes- sional qualifications, supports research efforts across the military, academic, and educa- tional community, and enhances the organization’s collective wisdom. This compendium, Perspectives on the Operational Environment, is the first volume in a new series titled, “Through the Joint, Interagency, and Multinational Lens.” Published by the Department of Joint, Interagency, and Multinational Operations (DJIMO) faculty at the US Army Command and General Staff College, this is a concerted effort to routinely share the thoughts of our distinguished faculty on key topics of value to our profession. On 31 October 2014, the Army published its Army Operating Concept (AOC) Win in a Complex World that describes “how future Army forces will prevent conflict, shape security environments, and win wars as part of our Joint Force and working with multiple partners.” Perspectives on the Operational Environment complements the AOC’s discussion on anticipated threats and the future operational environment. These articles explore a mul- titude of factors influencing the operational environment that directly affect our Army’s ability to understand and shape the security environments where our forces operate. The articles provide a balanced perspective that challenges conventional thinking and offers alternative perspectives of the dynamically evolving operational environment. Ms. Heather Karambelas’ introduction provides an excellent summation of the com- pendium’s articles and a roadmap for our readers to grasp the complexities that form the operational environment. I am confident you will find this scholarly work professionally enriching and well worth the read. Enjoy! v Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................iii Foreword .............................................................................................................................v Table of Figures .................................................................................................................ix Introduction ........................................................................................................................xi Chapter 1 Shadows on Cave Walls: Systems Perspective in the Operational Environment by Mr. Kurt P. VanderSteen ...............................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Center of Gravity and Beyond: Power and Perils of Metaphors in Joint Planning by LTC Paul S. Oh ..........................................................................................................23 Chapter 3 ...........................................................................................................................35 Assured Access to Space: An Examination of the Space Domain as a Tool for National Power by LTC Gregory K. Sharpe and MAJ Kenneth C. Rich, PhD ........................................35 Chapter 4 Inchoate Revolution: Organizational Structure and Terrorism in the Domestic Security Environment by Dr. Richard E. Berkebile ............................................................................................49 Chapter 5 Behind the Economics and Consequences of Genocide by Dr. David A. Anderson ...............................................................................................69 Chapter 6 Future Conflict – Water as a Strategic Issue by Mr. Jeffrey D. Vordermark .........................................................................................83 Chapter 7 Building Partner Capacity: Avoiding the Imperialism Problem by Dr. Phillip G. Pattee ...................................................................................................97 Chapter 8 Developing a New Relationship with Europe: Lessons from NATO’s Origins by Mr. James R. Cricks .................................................................................................113 Chapter 9 The Foundations of Sino-American Military-to-Military Relations: From the Boxer Relief Expedition to the Joint United States Military Advisory Group – China, 1900-1949 by Dr. Joseph “Geoff” Babb .........................................................................................125 vii Chapter 10 Neighbours… and Friends? Homeland Security and US – Canada Relations by LCol Anne E. Reiffenstein .......................................................................................147 Chapter 11 Are We Doing Enough to Educate Our Military Leaders in Homeland Security Operations? by Dr. O. Shawn Cupp and Ms. Heather R. Karambelas ..............................................161 Contributors ....................................................................................................................173 viii