Thomas Hare and Political Representation in Victorian Britain F.D. Parsons StudiesinModernHistory GeneralEditor:J.C.D.Clark,JoyceandElizabethHallDistinguishedProfessorof BritishHistory,UniversityofKansas Titlesinclude: JamesB.Bell AWARONRELIGION Dissenters,AnglicansandtheAmericanRevolution JamesB.Bell THEIMPERIALORIGINSOFTHEKING’SCHURCHINEARLYAMERICA 1607–1783 JoeBord SCIENCEANDWHIGMANNERS ScienceandPoliticalStyleinBritain,c.1790–1850 JonathanClarkandHowardErskine-Hill(editors) SAMUELJOHNSONINHISTORICALCONTEXT EdwardCorp THEJACOBITESATURBINO AnExiledCourtinTransition EvelineCruickshanksandHowardErskine-Hill THEATTERBURYPLOT DianaDonaldandFrankO’Gorman(editors) ORDERINGTHEWORLDINTHEEIGHTEENTHCENTURY RichardD.Floyd CHURCH,CHAPELANDPARTY ReligiousDissentandPoliticalModernizationinNineteenth-CenturyEngland RichardR.Follett EVANGELICALISM,PENALTHEORYANDTHEPOLITICSOFCRIMINALLAWREFORM INENGLAND,1808–30 AndrewGodley JEWISHIMMIGRANTENTREPRENEURSHIPINNEWYORKANDLONDON1880–1914 WilliamAnthonyHay THEWHIGREVIVAL 1808–1830 MarkKeay WILLIAMWORDSWORTH’SGOLDENAGETHEORIESDURINGTHE INDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONINENGLAND,1750–1850 KimLawes PATERNALISMANDPOLITICS TheRevivalofPaternalisminEarlyNineteenth-CenturyBritain MarisaLinton THEPOLITICSOFVIRTUEINENLIGHTENMENTFRANCE KarinJ.MacHardy WAR,RELIGIONANDCOURTPATRONAGEINHABSBURGAUSTRIA TheSocialandCulturalDimensionsofPoliticalInteraction,1521–1622 JamesMackintosh VINDICIÆGALLICÆ DefenceoftheFrenchRevolution:ACriticalEdition RobertJ.Mayhew LANDSCAPE,LITERATUREANDENGLISHRELIGIOUSCULTURE,1660–1800 SamuelJohnsonandLanguagesofNaturalDescription JeremyC.Mitchell THEORGANIZATIONOFOPINION OpenVotinginEngland,1832–68 MarjorieMorgan NATIONALIDENTITIESANDTRAVELINVICTORIANBRITAIN JamesMuldoon EMPIREANDORDER TheConceptofEmpire,800–1800 F.D.Parsons THOMASHAREANDPOLITICALREPRESENTATIONINVICTORIANBRITAIN JuliaRudolph WHIGPOLITICALTHOUGHTANDTHEGLORIOUSREVOLUTION JamesTyrrellandtheTheoryofResistance LisaSteffen TREASONANDNATIONALIDENTITY DefiningaBritishState,1608–1820 LynneTaylor BETWEENRESISTANCEANDCOLLABORATION PopularProtestinNorthernFrance,1940–45 AnthonyWaterman POLITICALECONOMYANDCHRISTIANTHEOLOGYSINCETHEENLIGHTENMENT EssaysinIntellectualHistory DoronZimmerman THEJACOBITEMOVEMENTINSCOTLANDANDINEXILE,1746–1759 StudiesinModernHistory SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–333–79328–2(Hardback) 978–0–333–80346–2(Paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastanding order.Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddress belowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England Thomas Hare and Political Representation in Victorian Britain F.D. Parsons ProfessorofHistory,FranklinCollegeSwitzerland ©F.D.Parsons2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-22199-4 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentified astheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2009by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-30750-0 ISBN 978-0-230-24466-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230244665 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 In Memory of Henry Pelling This page intentionally left blank Contents PrefaceandAcknowledgements viii Introduction 1 Part I 1 TheLifeandWorkofThomasHare,1806–1891 9 Part II 2 PersonalRepresentationandtheClerisy,1857–1859 43 3 PersonalRepresentationandtheSecondReformAct, 1859–1867 76 4 TheRepresentativeReformAssociation,1867–1874 111 5 ProportionalRepresentationandtheCaucus,1874–1884 137 6 TheProportionalRepresentationSocietyandtheThird ReformAct,1884–1888 161 Conclusion 186 Notes 191 Bibliography 244 Index 274 vii Preface and Acknowledgements ThisworkisarevisedandexpandedversionofaCambridgePh.D.thesis on Thomas Hare and the Victorian proportional representation move- mentfrom1857to1888,whichwaswrittenunderthesupervisionofthe late Henry Pelling at St John’s College. The initial research was under- taken in 1976 at his suggestion in connection with my interest in the politicalcareerofSirJohnLubbock,1stBaronAvebury,amemberofPar- liamentfrom1870to1900.VarioussourcesrelatedtoLubbockandhis participation in the Proportional Representation Society between 1884 and 1888 gradually led me to the political writings of Thomas Hare which began in 1857 with The Machinery of Representation followed in 1859 by A Treatise on the Election of Representatives, Parliamentary and MunicipalandtohisleadershipoftheRepresentativeReformAssociation between1868and1874,subsequentlyleadingmebacktoLubbockand hisassociationwithHarein1884.AsHareincreasinglybecamethefocus of attention, my perspective gradually shifted from political history to intellectual history with an emphasis on the relationship between political theory and party politics in Victorian Britain. Consequently, this work has little in common with the works of Henry Pelling other than his America and the British Left: From Bright to Bevan. His practice of history as an empirical discipline, however, has remained an exam- ple for me amid the turns of theory in recent decades, and his advice and support over many years in the past are reasons for the present dedication. Others to whom I am grateful are Peter Clarke and the late Colin Matthew, who as examiners of the thesis in 1990 offered observations and suggestions for correction and improvement. Jonathan Steinberg more recently read a draft of the work in progress, and his incisive cri- tiquewasabracingstimulus.Otherswhosewritingsandcommentsover theyearshavecontributedtomyunderstandingofVictorianideasand institutionsincludeDerekBeales,EugenioBiagini,JonathanParry,and Miles Taylor who also encouraged publication. My concern with high politicshasbeeninresponsetotheworksofthelateMauriceCowling, and my interpretation of political texts has been influenced by those ofQuentinSkinner.RememberedareconversationsaboutLubbockand prehistory with the late Glyn Daniel in his rooms at St John’s College viii PrefaceandAcknowledgements ix in Cambridge, and likewise I have fond memories of the late Adelaide Lubbock,adaughter-in-lawofSirJohnLubbock,whowasgraciousand helpfulatherhomeinHighElms,whereIfirstsawtheLubbockdiaries nowintheBritishLibrary.InLondon,thelateEnidLakemanwelcomed me to the library of the Electoral Reform Society which now bears her name.DavidRoberts,agreat-grandsonofThomasHare,invitedmeinto his home in Old Windsor and made available to me family memoirs containingsignificantinformationaboutthelifeandworkofHare. MuchoftheresearchforthisworkhasbeenpursuedintheCambridge UniversityLibrarywheretheefficientassistanceofthestaffintheRare Books Room and the West Room in particular has been greatly appre- ciated, and I have continued to benefit from the use of the St John’s CollegeLibraryinCambridgeforwhichIammostgrateful.TheBritish Library when located in Bloomsbury and the Newspaper Library at Colindaleprovidedaccesstoimportantsources. Iwouldliketoacknowledgethefollowingforgrantingpermissionto cite and quote manuscript sources as listed in the bibliography of this work: the British Library for the Papers of Sir John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury,thePapersofWilliamGladstone,LetterstoThomasHare,and the Papers of William Huskisson; James Lloyd for a letter from Joseph Chamberlain to Sir John Lubbock in the Avebury Papers in the British Library; the University of Birmingham Library for the Papers of Joseph Chamberlain; Rev. Sir Charles Dilke for a letter from Charles Dilke to Joseph Chamberlain in the Chamberlain Papers in the University of Birmingham Library; the British Library of Political and Economic Sci- ence for the Papers of Leonard Courtney and Kate Courtney and the Papers of John Stuart Mill; the Tyne and Wear Archives Service for the Papers of Joseph Cowen; the University of Durham Library and Lord Howick for the Papers of Henry, 3rd Earl Grey and Albert, 4th Earl Grey;theStJohn’sCollegeLibrary,Oxford,forLetterstoThomasHare; theBishopsgateInstituteforthePapersofGeorgeHowell;theElectoral ReformSocietyfortheProportionalRepresentationSocietyPapers;and LordSalisburyforaletterfromHenrySidgwicktoArthurBalfourinthe SalisburyPapersatHatfieldHousetranscribedformebyRobinHarcourt Williams.PhotocopiesofthemanuscriptmemoirbyKatherineClayton and the typescript memoir by Katherine Esdaile made available to me byDavidRobertsareinmypossession. Iwouldalsoliketoacknowledgethefollowingpublishersforgranting permissiontociteandquoteprintedprimaryandsecondarysourcesas listed in the bibliography of this work: the University of Toronto Press for The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill, 1848–1873, edited by Francis E.