Comparative Analysis Paper of Aquinas and Augustine‘s Philosophies 1 Comparative Analysis Paper Thomas Aquinas and Augustine’s Philosophies DANILO V. ROGAYAN JR. College of Education Ramon Magsaysay Technological University Comparative Analysis Paper of Aquinas and Augustine‘s Philosophies 2 Abstract This paper renders a comparative analysis of philosophical tenets of two chosen philosophers. These are the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas and the philosophy of Augustine. The author compared the two philosophers consistent with their convictions and principles on faith and reason, God‘s existence, and theory of knowledge as well as the analytical presentation of their essential philosophical approaches and conclusions. The thoughts of Thomas Aquinas and Augustine are but imitations of the gestures of their philosophical heroes, Plato and Aristotle. Augustine is pointing up to the heavens, and Aquinas gesturing toward the earth as substantiated by their respective epistemologies or perspectives with the nature and scope of knowledge. However, their thoughts interweave as well. There are both similarities and differences within the epistemologies of these two philosophers as expounded in the Comparative Analysis. The analytical comparison of the two sets of thoughts is critically formulated basing from the philosopher‘s metaphysical and theoretical thinking with the derivation of extensive conclusion from their beliefs. The argumentative comparison is thoroughly explicated in the Comparative Analysis where a variety of philosophical schemes were discussed. Comparative Analysis Paper of Aquinas and Augustine‘s Philosophies 3 Introduction This paper presents an analytical comparison of philosophical principles of two chosen philosophers. These are the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas and the philosophy of Augustine. St. Thomas Aquinas, was born near Naples, Italy, in 1225. Educated in the Dominican Order in Paris and Cologne, he devoted his life to the knowledge of God. He taught at the great medieval University of Paris and at Naples, was engaged in all the major theological controversies of his day, and wrote works on every part of philosophy and theology. He died in 1274, was canonized in 1323, and in 1567 was proclaimed a Doctor of the Universal Church (Thomas Aquinas College Board of Governors, 2002). In him is the consummate union of sanctity and intellect. His achievements in philosophy and theology were so profound and permanent that he has long been recognized as the patron of all Catholic education. He has received the title of Angelic Doctor, not only because of his astounding purity, but because his wisdom surpasses, so to speak, that of mere men. St. Thomas was, in the words of his teacher St. Albert the Great, "the flower and glory of the world‖ (Thomas Aquinas College Board of Governors, 2002). By profession, Aquinas was a theologian rather than a philosopher. Indeed he nowhere characterizes himself as a philosopher, and the references to philosophers found in his own work refer to pagans rather than Christians (Jordan, as cited in Blackwell, 2006). Nonetheless much of his work bears upon philosophical topics, and in this sense may be characterized as philosophical. Aquinas' philosophical thought has exerted enormous influence on subsequent Christian theology, especially that of the Roman Catholic Church, extending to Western philosophy in general. Aquinas stands as a Comparative Analysis Paper of Aquinas and Augustine‘s Philosophies 4 vehicle and modifier of Aristotelianism, Augustinian Neoplatonism and Proclean Neoplatonism (Wikipedia, 2010). Augustine of Hippo (November 13, 354 – August 28, 430) was Bishop of Hippo Regius. He was a Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province. His writings were very influential in the development of Western Christianity (Wikipedia, 2010) Augustine, a Latin church father, is one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. He "established anew the ancient faith" (Wikipedia as written by Jerome, 418). In his early years he was heavily influenced by Manichaeism and afterward by the Neo-Platonism of Plotinus (Wikipedia, as cited in Cross & Livingstone, 2005). After his conversion to Christianity and baptism, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and different perspectives (Wikipedia, as cited in TeSelle, 1970). He believed that the grace of Christ was indispensable to human freedom and framed the concepts of original sin and just war. (Wikipedia, 2010). The basis of comparison is derived from the philosophical principles of the two philosophers in terms of their convictions and principles on faith and reason, God‘s existence, and theory of knowledge as well as the analytical presentation of their essential philosophical approaches and conclusions. Three broad issues were considered in appraising the two philosophies, viz, rigor or the suitability and aptness of the approach that have been applied to key research methods in the study; credibility which focuses whether the findings are well presented Comparative Analysis Paper of Aquinas and Augustine‘s Philosophies 5 and meaningful; and relevance or how useful are the findings to the author and to his affiliation. The comparative analysis gives emphasis to the concepts and principles of the two philosophers highlighting its relevance to the philosophical development, metaphysical basis of the universe, the source of knowledge, basis of morality, teacher education and/or the teaching profession. Comparative Analysis Paper of Aquinas and Augustine‘s Philosophies 6 Description The comparative analysis focuses on the differences and similarities of the philosophies of Thomas Aquinas and Augustine consistent with their convictions and principles on faith and reason, God‘s existence, and theory of knowledge as well as the analytical presentation of their essential philosophical approaches and conclusions. One of the differences of these two philosophers is the fact that they're over half a millennium apart. Augustine was much more influential to the development of early medieval philosophy, and Aquinas to later thought. But even more than that, the differences between the two in approaches and conclusions lead to huge clefts in medieval thought, which culminate in the Reformation (largely Augustinian) and the Counter/Catholic Reformation (largely Aquinan). Thomas Aquinas lived at a critical juncture of western culture when the arrival of the Aristotelian corpus in Latin translation reopened the question of the relation between faith and reason, calling into question the modus vivendi that had obtained for centuries. In two stints as a regent master Thomas defended the mendicant orders and, of greater historical importance, countered both the Averroistic interpretations of Aristotle and the Franciscan tendency to reject Greek philosophy. The result was a new modus vivendi between faith and philosophy which survived until the rise of the new physics. The Catholic Church has over the centuries regularly and consistently reaffirmed the central importance of Thomas's work for understanding its teachings concerning the Christian revelation, and his close textual commentaries on Aristotle represent a cultural resource Comparative Analysis Paper of Aquinas and Augustine‘s Philosophies 7 which is now receiving increased recognition (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as cited in Mendelson, 2009). Augustine is a Christian Neoplatonist, North African Bishop, Doctor of the Roman Catholic Church. One of the decisive developments in the western philosophical tradition was the eventually widespread merging of the Greek philosophical tradition and the Judeo-Christian religious and scriptural traditions. Augustine is one of the main figures through and by whom this merging was accomplished. He is, as well, one of the towering figures of medieval philosophy whose authority and thought came to exert a pervasive and enduring influence well into the modern period, and even up to the present day, especially among those sympathetic to the religious tradition which he helped to shape. But even for those who do not share this sympathy, there is much in Augustine's thought that is worthy of serious philosophical attention. Augustine is not only one of the major sources whereby classical philosophy in general and Neoplatonism in particular enter into the mainstream of early and subsequent medieval philosophy, but there are significant contributions of his own that emerge from his modification of that Greco- Roman inheritance, e.g., his subtle accounts of belief and authority, his account of knowledge and illumination, his emphasis upon the importance and centrality of the will, and his focus upon a new way of conceptualizing the phenomena of human history, just to cite a few of the more conspicuous examples (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as cited in Mendelson, 2009). Comparative Analysis Paper of Aquinas and Augustine‘s Philosophies 8 Presentation of Data The philosophies of Thomas Aquinas and Augustine are presented in logical scheme in reference to their metaphysical and theoretical thinking in their views on faith and reason, God‘s existence, and theory of knowledge. Views on Faith and Reason. It can be said that Thomas Aquinas synthesized faith and reason to a greater extent than any other philosopher. Unlike Augustine—who had made a sharp distinction between the natural and divine world in his City of God— Aquinas made no sharp distinction between the natural and divine worlds. He thought that all of creation—natural and supernatural—and all truth, revealed or rational, emanated from God. The two sources of knowledge, reason and revelation, do not conflict. Revelation does not contradict reason. Aquinas thought that philosophy and science both lead to the truth. In fact, he tended to equate the truths of philosophy and science with the work of ―the Philosopher,‖ Aristotle. He believed that Aristotle‘s philosophical and scientific conclusions were true for the most part, and therefore must be in agreement with the revealed truths of religion; that is, with the contents of the Bible (everything.com as cited in Shouler, 2009). Augustine believed that reason can never be religiously neutral. Reason is not one independent approach to the truth while faith is another. Reason is a function of the whole person and is affected by the orientation of your heart, your passion, and your faith. As he puts it, ―Faith seeks, understanding finds; whence the prophet says, ‗Unless ye believe, ye shall not understand.‘‖ The faith and reason issue also applies to moral knowledge. Contrary to the Socratic dictum that ―Virtue is knowledge,‖ and that knowing Comparative Analysis Paper of Aquinas and Augustine‘s Philosophies 9 leads you to pursue the truth, Augustine maintained, as a result of his own moral struggles, that knowledge does not produce goodness.‖ According to Augustine, ―Faith goes before; understanding follows after‖ (everything.com as cited in Shouler, 2009). Views on God‘s Existence. In the first way, Aquinas writes that ―it is certain, and it is clear from sense-experience, that some things in this world are moved.‖ Aquinas, like Aristotle, understood the term motion to be reduction from a state of potentiality to one of act. If something is in motion, it must have been moved by another, and that by another, and so on. ―The second way is from the nature of efficient cause,‖ Aquinas begins. ―There is no case known (neither is it, indeed, possible) in which a thing is found to be the efficient cause of itself; for so it would be prior to itself, which is impossible.‖ Imagine that you look outside your window and see a tree branch moving. That branch is being moved by the wind. That wind has its causes, and so on (everything.com as cited in Shouler, 2009). These first two arguments are cosmological, since they show features of the world order, like motions and causes, and claim that these realities require an explanation from a divine reality outside the world order. Augustine has already explained his notion of God as the being who created the universe ex nihilo. There are several other components to this view. First, Augustine provided an argument for the existence of God. More famously, he gave an explanation of how God‘s goodness could be explained in light of the evils in the world (everything.com as cited in Shouler, 2009). Comparative Analysis Paper of Aquinas and Augustine‘s Philosophies 10 Views on Theory of Knowledge. Augustine has a negative view of the senses. He does not think knowledge can come from them because they never provide a stable knowledge. Everything the senses perceive is ever-changing. ―Through Plotinus he early understood that pure sensism leads inevitably to universal doubt; if reality is in the end reducible to sensible appearance, then, since this is in a state of perpetual flux and self- contradiction, no kind of certitude will any longer be possible‖ (Sanders, as cite in Gilson, 1940). Aquinas had the same sort of idea. First, there must be the knowledge and understanding of things on this earth, the physical, before the philosopher can move to something incorporeal. This is mostly because one gains knowledge through the senses—this is a subject that will be discussed later, however, it must be revealed at this point in time. After this knowledge, one would put down reason, as if it were a hat, to more fully know the divine. ―Moreover, philosophical knowledge of God, though genuine is extremely limited‖ (Sanders, as cited in Copleston, 1972). More blatantly put, one must have a mystical experience. ―Finally, knowledge about God, whether philosophical or theological, is subordinate and teleologically orientated to the experimental knowledge of God, knowledge by acquaintance, which is attainable, imperfectly in mystical states, perfectly in the vision of God in heaven‖ (Sanders, as cited in Gilson, 1960).