Third Generation Wireless Systems, Volume 1 Post-Shannon Signal Architectures ForacompletelistingoftheArtechHouseMobileCommunicationsLibrary, turntothebackofthisbook. Third Generation Wireless Systems, Volume 1 Post-Shannon Signal Architectures George M. Calhoun Artech House Boston • London www.artechhouse.com LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. CoverdesignbyIgorValdman ©2003ARTECHHOUSE,INC. 685CantonStreet Norwood,MA02062 Allrightsreserved.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthis book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks havebeenappropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccuracyofthis information.Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidity ofanytrademarkorservicemark. 10987654321 Contents Preface xiii Reference xvii TheGoldenAgeofWireless 1 1 1.1 TheFirstGoldenAge,1890–1940 1 1.2 AQuietInterregnum,1940–1990 4 1.3 TheDigitalRadioRevolution 7 1.4 TheCapacityCrisis,1995–2001 10 1.5 TheNewGoldenAge 19 References 21 Shannon 23 2 2.1 “OurShannon” 23 2.2 ClaudeElwoodShannon(1916–2001) 26 2.3 ShannonTheory 31 2.3.1 Nyquist 32 v vi ThirdGenerationWirelessSystems:Post-ShannonSignalArchitectures 2.3.2 TheImportanceofNoise 35 2.3.3 DiscreteSourcesandEntropy 36 2.3.4 ChannelCodingandErrorControl 37 2.3.5 QuantizationofAnalogSources 38 2.3.6 PowerandBandwidth 39 References 44 WirelessSystemsDesign:Problems 3 andParameters 47 3.1 ThreeUniqueDesignConstraints 47 3.1.1 TheBasicCommunicationsLinkandthe NonengineerableWirelessChannel 48 3.1.2 TheNonclonableWirelessChannelandthe ChallengesofMultipleAccess 55 3.1.3 TheConundrumsofInterference 59 3.2 TheBasicParameters:Channel,Signal,andNoise 61 3.2.1 ThePrimarySignal/ChannelDimensions:Space, Time,andFrequency 62 3.2.2 NoiseandInterference 65 3.2.3 Self-Interference 69 3.2.4 Orthogonality 72 3.2.5 SecondarySignalDimensions:AmplitudeandAngle 73 3.2.6 TertiarySignalDimensions:SignalStructure 77 3.2.7 QuaternarySignalDimensions:TheStructureof thePayload 79 3.2.8 TheLayeredSignalandthePrimacyofthePhysical Layer 81 3.3 First-andSecond-GenerationWireless Architectures 83 3.3.1 First-GenerationSystems:PowerVersusNoise 83 3.3.2 TheCellularRevolution:Reorganizingthe S-Dimension 84 3.3.3 Second-GenerationSystems:DigitalExtensions— ReorganizingtheT-Dimension 85 Contents vii 3.3.4 OntheThresholdof3G 86 References 87 ThirdGenerationSystems:PhysicalLayer 4 TechnologyStrategies 89 4.1 FromInterferenceAvoidancetoInterference Management 89 4.1.1 ThePenaltyforOrthogonality 90 4.1.2 TamingtheInterference 98 4.2 SignalHardeningTechniques 100 4.2.1 ErrorCorrection(ChannelCoding) 101 4.2.2 DiversityTechniques 102 4.2.3 ConvolutionalTechniques 107 4.3 SignalShapingTechniques 111 4.3.1 Compression:SourceCoding 112 4.3.2 BasebandShaping 113 4.3.3 SpectrumShaping 114 4.3.4 BeamForming:SmartAntennas 115 4.4 SignalRecovery 115 4.4.1 CancellationofT-Interference(I):Equalization 116 4.4.2 CancellationofT-Interference(II):Multipath Combining 116 4.4.3 CancellationofS-Interference:SpatiallySelective Receivers 118 4.5 BeyondOrthogonality:ConvolvedWireless ArchitecturesandDesignPrinciples 118 4.5.1 SignalSpreading 120 4.5.2 InterferenceAveraging 123 4.5.3 SignalAveraging:Noise-LikeSignals 127 4.5.4 InterferenceCancellation:Unscramblingthe Omelet 128 4.5.5 AdaptiveSignalDesign 131 4.5.6 ConvolutionalSignalStructures 134 viii ThirdGenerationWirelessSystems:Post-ShannonSignalArchitectures References 135 SignalHardeningTechniques 139 5 5.1 Coding:AVastPhilosophy 140 5.1.1 Coding:TheStandardView 144 5.1.2 ADeeperLook 146 5.1.3 Quantization:Many-to-OneMapping 147 5.1.4 NonlinearityandThresholdEffects 153 5.1.5 CodingasRedundancyConstruction:One-to- ManyMapping 159 5.1.6 SignalExpansion:ChannelCodingasNoise Averaging 163 5.1.7 MessageSpaceExpansion:ChannelCodingas SignalGeometry 166 5.2 BasicChannelCodingStrategies 175 5.2.1 BlockCodes 175 5.2.2 ConvolutionalCodes 177 5.2.3 DecodingAlgorithms 182 5.2.4 Performance:CodingGain 184 5.3 AdvancedCodingStrategies 186 5.3.1 InteractionBetweenChannelCodingandSource CompressionStrategies 186 5.3.2 ChannelCharacteristicsandtheChoiceof CodingSchemes:BurstErrors 190 5.3.3 SoftDecisionTechniques 194 5.3.4 SideInformation 199 5.3.5 PilotSignals 201 5.3.6 TrellisCoding 202 5.3.7 HierarchicalCodingStructures:Concatenated Coding,TurboCoding,andParallelCoding 206 5.4 DiversityTechniques 213 5.4.1 FrequencyDiversity 217 5.4.2 TimeDiversity 221 Contents ix 5.4.3 SpaceDiversity 222 5.5 ConvolutionalSignals 223 References 227 SignalShapingTechniques(Transmitter- 6 OrientedStrategies) 231 6.1 ConceptsofEfficientTransmission:Compression andShaping 231 6.2 SignalNonlinearities:AConundrum 236 6.3 Compression:Post-ShannonSourceCoding Strategies 241 6.3.1 LosslessCompression 244 6.3.2 LossyCompression 251 6.3.3 PerceptualCoding 254 6.3.4 CorrelativeQuantization 256 6.3.5 SourceModeling 265 6.4 BasebandSignalShaping 267 6.5 RFSignalShaping 272 6.5.1 Bandwidth-EfficientModulation 272 6.5.2 LinearizedRFSystems 276 6.6 SmartAntennaTechnologies(Transmission) 281 6.7 AdaptiveLinkTechnologies 284 6.7.1 AdaptivePowerControl 285 6.7.2 AdaptiveTimeAlignment 289 6.7.3 AdaptiveModulation 292 References 295 SignalRecoveryTechniques(Receiver- 7 OrientedStrategies) 299 7.1 Logical-LevelSignalRecoveryStrategies:The ActiveReceiver 303 7.1.1 ReliabilityAssessmentandErasureStrategies 308