Thinking Education Through Alain Badiou Thinking Education Through Alain Badiou Edited by Kent den Heyer © 2010 The Authors. ISBN: 978-1-444-33742-6 eeppaatt__bbooookk__DDeenn__HHeeyyeerr__FFMM..iinndddd ff__ii 77//2266//22001100 22::4477::5566 PPMM Educational Philosophy and Theory Special Issue Book Series Series Editor: Michael A. Peters The Educational Philosophy and Theory journal publishes articles concerned with all aspects of educational philosophy. Their themed special issues are also available to buy in book format and cover subjects ranging from curriculum theory, educational administration, the politics of education, educational history, educational policy, and higher education. Titles in the series include: Thinking Education Through Alain Badiou Edited by Kent den Heyer Toleration, Respect and Recognition in Education Edited by Mitja Sardocˇ Gramsci and Educational Thought Edited by Peter Mayo Patriotism and Citizenship Education Edited by Bruce Haynes Exploring Education Through Phenomenology: Diverse Approaches Edited by Gloria Dall’Alba Academic Writing, Philosophy and Genre Edited by Michael A. Peters Complexity Theory and the Philosophy of Education Edited by Mark Mason Critical Thinking and Learning Edited by Mark Mason Philosophy of Early Childhood Education: Transforming Narratives Edited by Sandy Farquhar and Peter Fitzsimons The Learning Society from the Perspective of Governmentality Edited by Jan Masschelein, Maarten Simons, Ulrich Bröckling and Ludwig Pongratz Citizenship, Inclusion and Democracy: A Symposium on Iris Marion Young Edited by Mitja Sardoc Postfoundationalist Themes In The Philosophy of Education: Festschrift for James D. Marshall Edited by Paul Smeyers (Editor), Michael A. Peters Music Education for the New Millennium: Theory and Practice Futures for Music Teaching and Learning Edited by David Lines Critical Pedagogy and Race Edited by Zeus Leonardo Derrida, Deconstruction and Education: Ethics of Pedagogy and Research Edited by Peter Pericles Trifonas and Michael A. Peters eeppaatt__bbooookk__DDeenn__HHeeyyeerr__FFMM..iinndddd ff__iiii 77//2266//22001100 22::4477::5566 PPMM Thinking Education Through Alain Badiou Edited by Kent den Heyer A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication eeppaatt__bbooookk__DDeenn__HHeeyyeerr__FFMM..iinndddd ff__iiiiii 77//2266//22001100 22::4477::5566 PPMM This edition fi rst published 2010 Chapters © 2010 The Authors Book compilation © 2010 Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia Edition history: originally published as volume 42, issue 2 of Educational Philosophy and Theory Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is available for this book. 9781444337426 (paperback) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10pt Plantin by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed in Malaysia 01 2010 eeppaatt__bbooookk__DDeenn__HHeeyyeerr__FFMM..iinndddd ff__iivv 77//2266//22001100 22::4477::5566 PPMM Contents Notes on Contributors vii Foreword Michael A. Peters ix 1 Introduction: Alain Badiou: ‘Becoming subject’ to education Kent den Heyer 1 2 Badiou, Pedagogy and the Arts Thomas E. Peterson 8 3 Badiou’s Challenge to Art and its Education: Or, ‘art cannot be taught—it can however educate!’ Jan Jagodzinski 26 4 Alain Badiou, Jacques Lacan and the Ethics of Teaching Peter M. Taubman 45 5 Reconceptualizing Professional Development for Curriculum Leadership: Inspired by John Dewey and informed by Alain Badiou Kathleen R. Kesson & James G. Henderson 62 6 The Obliteration of Truth by Management: Badiou, St. Paul and the question of economic managerialism in education Anna Strhan 78 7 Militants of Truth, Communities of Equality: Badiou and the ignorant schoolmaster Charles Andrew Barbour 99 Index 111 eeppaatt__bbooookk__DDeenn__HHeeyyeerr__FFMM..iinndddd ff__vv 77//2266//22001100 22::4477::5566 PPMM Notes on Contributors Charles Barbour is Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Western Sydney, Australia, and a member of the Centre for Citizenship and Public and Policy; email: [email protected]. Along with a number of book chapters, he has published on social and political theory in journals such as Theory, Culture and Society, Philosophy and Social Criticism, Law, Culture and the Humanities, Telos, and The Journal of Clas- sical Sociology. Most recently, he co-edited, with George Pavlich, a book entitled After Sovereignty: On the question of political beginnings (Routledge-Cavendish). _6377..8 Kent den Heyer is an Associate Professor of social studies and curriculum studies in the Department of Secondary Education, University of Alberta; email: kdenheye@ ualberta.ca. His recent work exploring the implications of Badiou’s work for educa- tion includes ‘Education as an Affirmative Invention:Alain Badiou and the purpose of teaching and curriculum’ in EducationalTheory, 59.4, pp. 441–463 and ‘What if Cur- riculum (of a Certain Kind) Doesn’t Matter?’ in Curriculum Inquiry, 39.1, pp. 27–40. jan jagodzinski is a Professor in the Department of Secondary Education, University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, where he teaches visual art and media education and curricular issues as they relate to postmodern concerns of gender poli- tics, cultural studies, and media (film and television); email: [email protected]. He is a founding member of the Caucus on Social Theory in Art Education (NAEA), past editor of The Journal of SocialTheory in Art Education (JSTAE), past president of SIG Media, Culture and Curriculum, Editorial Board Member for Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society (PCS), on the Editorial Advisory Board of Studies in Art Education (SAE), Journal of Curriculum Theorizing (JCT), Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education (JCRAE), and the Korean Journal of Art Education, reviewer for Visual Culture & Gender, Associate Editor of Journal of Lacanian Studies (JLS); and Co-series editor with Mark Bracher of the book series Pedagogy,Psychoanalysis,Transformation (Palgrave Press). He is the author of The Anamorphic I/i (Duval House Publishing Inc, 1996); Postmodern Dilemmas: Outrageous essays in art & art education (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997); Pun(k) Deconstruction: Experifigural writings in art & art education (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997); Editor of Pedagogical Desire:Transference, seduction and the question of ethics (Bergin & Garvey, 2002); Youth Fantasies: The perverse landscape of the media (Palgrave, 2004); Musical Fantasies: A Lacanian approach (Palgrave, 2005); Television andYouth:Televised paranoia (Palgrave, 2008); and Art and its Education in an era of Designer Capitalism:The deconstruction of the oral eye (2010). James G. Henderson is Professor of Curriculum at Kent State University, where he teaches courses in Curriculum Theory, Research, and Leadership; email: jhenders@ viii Notes on Contributors kent.edu. He is the coordinator of the college’s C&I Master’s Degree and PhD pro- grams and co-editor of the Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy.His scholarly interests focus on democratic curriculum wisdom and its implications for professional devel- opment, reflective practice, and curriculum leadership, and he has authored, co-authored and co-edited four books on these topics, two of which are currently in their third editions. Currently, he is working with curriculum leaders in Ohio on the creation of an online Curriculum Leadership Institute. Kathleen R. Kesson is Professor ofTeaching and Learning at the Brooklyn Campus of Long Island University, where she teaches courses in the foundations of education and teacher research and coordinates the Childhood Urban Education program; email: [email protected]. She is co-author, with Jim Henderson, of Curriculum Wisdom: Educational decisions in democratic societies (Prentice Hall, 2004) and Under- standing Democratic Curriculum Leadership (Teachers College Press, 1999), and editor, withWayne Ross,of Defending Public Schools:Teaching for a Democratic Society (Praeger, 2004). She is also the author of numerous book chapters, book reviews, and academic articles in such journals as Educational Researcher, Teachers College Record, Encounter: Education for Meaning and Social Justice, the Journal of Critical Education Policy Studies, English Education, Journal of CurriculumTheorizing, Curriculum Inquiry, and the Holistic Education Review. Her interests are in the areas of democracy in education, critical pedagogy, aesthetics and education, and teacher inquiry and reflection. Thomas E. Peterson is Professor of Italian at the University of Georgia; Peterson@ uga.edu.His primary research interests are in the areas of Italian lyric and epic poetry (Dante, Petrarch, Tasso, Leopardi, Pascoli, the poets of the 20th century) and the Italian novel. His research in educational philosophy has its origins in his study of Vico and Whitehead and the process philosophy tradition; current research seeks to connect that tradition to the work of (among others) Dewey,Peirce,Cassirer,Gregory and Mary Catherine Bateson, Francisco Varela and Heinz von Foerster. Anna Strhan is in the process of completing a PhD at the Institute of Education, London, on conceptualisations of subjectivity and its relation to teaching in the writ- ings of Emmanuel Levinas and Alain Badiou; email: [email protected]. She has worked as a teacher of Religious Studies and Philosophy in a range of secondary schools, and will shortly begin an ethnographic study exploring the formation of Evangelical lifeworlds in London. PeterTaubman is a Professor of education in the School of Education at Brooklyn College; email: [email protected]. His articles on curriculum, autobio- graphy, teacher identity, classroom teaching, psychoanalysis and the problems with standards and accountability have appeared in a range of scholarly journals. He is the co-author of Understanding Curriculum (Peter Lang, 1995) and the author of Teaching by Numbers: Deconstructing the discourse of standards and accountability (Routledge, 2009). He is currently writing a book on psychoanalysis and teaching. Foreword Alain Badiou (1937–)1 This special issue on the thought of Alain Badiou edited by Kent den Heyer presents the relevance and signifi cance of one of France’s most distinguished living philosophers: a student of Althusser, formerly chair of philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure, author of more than twenty books, and a thinker in the Marxist tradition. As an Athusserian Marxist strongly infl uenced by Lacan, Badiou engaged in fi erce debates with both Deleuze and Lyotard in the 1970s. Badiou’s (2005) Being and Event translated into English seventeen years after its original French publication indicates something of the cultural delay in the reception of his work in the English-speaking world. A work of monumental signifi cance, it has been compared to Heidegger’s Being and Time and Deleuze’s Difference and Repetition in its metaphysical outlook and also its willingness to engage with fundamental ontology on the basis of modern set theory with the famous formulation ‘mathematics = ontology’ (p. 4), which is not a thesis that suggests being is mathematical but rather declares what is expressible of being, and thus is a thesis about discourse.2 This is also, after structuralism and poststructuralism, some would say a reengagement with the philosophy of the subject and in this sense already a thesis important for politics, art and education, as a number of the contributors to this col- lection indicate. As the biography posted on the Faculty Page at the European Graduate School where Badiou teaches notes: Trained as a mathematician, Alain Badiou is one of the most original French philosophers today. Infl uenced by Plato, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Jacques Lacan and Gilles Deleuze, he is an outspoken critic of both the ana- lytic as well as the postmodern schools of thoughts. His philosophy seeks to expose and make sense of the potential of radical innovation (revolution, invention, transfi guration) in every situation. eeppaatt__bbooookk__DDeenn__HHeeyyeerr__FFoorrwwoorrdd..iinnddddff__iixx ff__iixx 77//2266//22001100 22::4488::4477 PPMM x Foreword Unlike many of those schooled in the anti-humanist principles of Louis Pierre Althusser and Jacques Lacan, Alain Badiou has never been tempted to cele- brate the apparent end of philosophy, to question the possibility of metaphys- ics, or to qualify the classical attributes of truth: rigor, clarity, and eternity. Badiou is someone who positions himself against the tide of anti-Platonism. Johannes Thumfart (2008) helpfully indicates: Badiou writes that today’s most important political and theoretical values – Becoming (Nietzsche), Language (Wittgenstein), Sociality (Marx), Existence (Sartre), Process (Heidegger) and Political Pluralism (Popper) – can be identi- fi ed by their differing forms of modern Anti-Platonisms. The most infl uential inconsistency is probably the analytical philosophers’ Anti-Platonism. Wittgenstein and Carnap especially attacked Plato because of his granting an eternal and unchangeable status to mathematical objects. Badiou notes that the analytical project of reducing all properties of mathe- matical and other objects of formal language to mere conventions is still to be debated and that the analytical philosophers too quickly eliminated any idealistic concept of language. The Anti-Platonism of analytical philosophy must, therefore, be re-thought (http://www.lacan.com/symptom/?p=64). Badiou is also someone who has increasingly found himself surrounded by controversy: for his publication in 2005 of ‘The Uses of the Word “Jew” ’3 and more recently for his The Meaning of Sarkozy (Badiou, 2008). He appeared recently on the BBC program HardTalk4 where he was interviewed about his support for ‘communism’ replying that that the mere fact that the ‘fi rst attempts’ to achieve communism ‘failed’ does not in any way amount to a proving of the idea itself to be false or in itself impossible to reach. Ramsey (2009) reviewing his interview positively taking Badiou’s comment—‘Never accept something as legitimate [just] because it is dominant’—as a starting point to suggest: Badiou has done brilliant work exposing the contradictions, limitations, and hypocrisies that are embedded in dominant modes of contemporary thought, (including electoralism, liberal multiculturalism, and humanitarianism, includ- ing the discourse of human rights).5 While undoubtedly an important and infl uential philosopher and certainly one that also belongs in a special issue for this book, it is also the case that Badiou is written little on education. As Thomas Petersen and other contributors acknowledge it is only in the essay ‘Art and Philosophy’ from Handbook of Inaesthetics, that Badiou addresses educa- tion directly discussing the link between art and philosophy in terms of the ‘pedagogical theme’, which has collapsed. I shall not repeat the analysis better performed by the contributors except to note that Badiou declares ‘the only education is an education by truths’. As A. J. Bartlett (2006: 53) comments, in this light Badiou invents a threefold analytical schema: eeppaatt__bbooookk__DDeenn__HHeeyyeerr__FFoorrwwoorrdd..iinnddddff__xx ff__xx 77//2266//22001100 22::4488::4488 PPMM Foreword xi The didactic schema operates a pedagogy of surveillance, the romantic, a pedagogy of authentic identity as alienation, and the classical, a pedagogy of public service or state ethics. Thus, we can say, subtracting from Badiou’s otherwise occupied assessment, that surveillance, identity, and ethics make up, the pedagogical forms inherent to the ‘saturated’ 20th century. And he goes on to comment: On Badiou’s terms, education is that which makes the necessary arrangements for the manifestation of truths which are not opinions and which signify therefore the possibility for some other, new (political etc.) confi guration. In fact using Badiou’s analysis it is not going to [sic] far to claim that as our democracies are manifestations of the organized rule of opinion then the state system of education for which our democracies are responsible is without truth, without thought, and thus cannot operate other than as either ‘oppres- sive or perverted’ or indeed as both (p. 54). Here is a trenchant critique of state education every bit as forceful as Freire’s ‘banking’ concept and one that teaches us that to educate is to transform, as Barlett (2006) remarks: Thus education amounts to either ‘being’ or, ‘to have been’ transformed. The questions, of course, are: by what, from what, to what? Is it by the state whose goal is perpetuation and whose method thereby is predicated on meiosistic repetition or, in Althusser’s more ‘structural’ terms reproduction (of the rela- tions of production)? Or is it by truths and thus to be transformed without predicate, educated without? (p. 58) I am grateful to Kent den Heyer for organizing and editing this special and to him and his contributors for gracing the book with the work and analysis of Badiou’s philosophy. Notes 1. Photo credit is from the Faculty Page at the European Graduate School which lists his works including online works and also secondary sources at http://www.egs.edu/faculty/alain-badiou/ biography/. 2. Badiou trained as a mathematician and he refers and uses Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice which is a standard axiomatic and foundation for mathematics, founded on a single primitive ontological notion namely that all individuals in the universe of discourse are sets. Axiom 9 is drawn from axioms 1–8 and is known as the ‘axiom of choice’ formulated by Ernst Zermelo in 1904 roughly to suggest that any collection of bins, each containing at least one object, it is possible to make a selection of exactly one object from each bin, even if there is an infinite number of bins and there is no ‘rule’ for which object to pick from each. See the entry on set theory by Thomas Jech (2002) at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ set-theory/. eeppaatt__bbooookk__DDeenn__HHeeyyeerr__FFoorrwwoorrdd..iinnddddff__xxii ff__xxii 77//2266//22001100 22::4488::4488 PPMM