To access the additional media content available with this e-book via Thieme MedOne, please use the code and follow the instructions provided at the back of the e-book. General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System THIEME Atlas of Anatomy Third Edition Authors Michael Schuenke, MD, PhD Institute of Anatomy Christian Albrechts University, Kiel Erik Schulte, MD Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz Udo Schumacher, MD FRCPath, CBiol, FIBiol, DSc Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf Consulting Editor Nathan F. Johnson, PT, PhD, DPT Division of Physical Therapy University of Kentucky College of Health Sciences Lexington, Kentucky Illustrations by Markus Voll Karl Wesker Thieme New York • Stuttgart • Delhi • Rio de Janeiro Translators: Terry Telger, John Grossman, and Judith Tomat Illustrators: Markus Voll and Karl Wesker Compositor: DiTech Process Solutions Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher. Copyright ©2020 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. Thieme Publishers New York 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001 USA +1 800 782 3488, [email protected] Thieme Publishers Stuttgart Rüdigerstrasse 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany +49 [0]711 8931 421, [email protected] Thieme Publishers Delhi A-12, Second Floor, Sector-2, Noida-201301 Uttar Pradesh, India +91 120 45 566 00, [email protected] Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda. Rua do Matoso, 170 – Tijuca Rio de Janeiro RJ 20270-135 - Brasil +55 21 2563-9702 www.thiemerevinter.com.br Printed in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd.        5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-1-62623-718-6 Also available as an e-book: eISBN 978-1-62623-719-3 Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book. Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book. 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Foreword Each of the authors of the single volume Thieme Atlas of Anatomy was impressed with the extraordinary detail, accuracy, and beauty of the illustrations that were created for the Thieme three volume series of anatomy atlases. We felt these images were one of the most significant additions to anatomic education in the past 50 years. The effective pedagogical approach of this series, with two-page learning units that combined the outstanding illustrations and captions that emphasized the functional and clinical significance of structures, coupled with the numerous tables sum-marizing key information, was unique. We also felt that the overall organization of each region, with structures presented first systemically — musculoskeletal, vascular, and nervous — and then topographically, supported classroom learning and active dissection in the laboratory. This series combines the best of a clinically oriented text and an atlas. Its detail and pedagogical presentation make it a complete support for classroom and laboratory instruction and a reference for life in all the medical, dental, and allied health fields. Each of the volumes — General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System, Internal Organs, and Head, Neck, and Neuroanatomy — can also be used as a stand-alone text/atlas for an in-depth study of systems often involved in the allied health/medical specialty fields. We were delighted when Thieme asked us to work with them to create a single-volume atlas from this groundbreaking series, and we owe a great debt to the authors and illustrators of this series inasmuch as their materials and vision formed the general framework for the single volume Thieme Atlas of Anatomy. We thank the authors and illustrators for this very special contribution to the teaching of anatomy and recommend it for thorough mastery of anatomy and its clinically functional importance in all fields of health care-related specialties. Lawrence M. Ross, Brian R. MacPherson, and Anne M. Gilroy Preface of the Authors and Illustrators When Thieme started planning the first edition of this atlas, they sought the opinions of students and instructors alike in both the United States and Europe on what constituted an “ideal” atlas of anatomy — ideal to learn from, to master extensive amounts of information while on a busy class schedule, and, in the process, to acquire sound, up-to-date knowledge. The result of our work in response to what Thieme had learned is this atlas. The Thieme Atlas of Anatomy, unlike most other atlases, is a comprehensive educational tool that combines illustrations with explanatory text and summary tables, introducing clinical applications throughout, and presenting anatomic concepts in a step-by-step sequence that includes system-by-system and topographical views. For the first edition we had hoped that our Atlas of Anatomy would help the medical student to understand the anatomical basis of clinical medicine. This indeed was accepted by the students all over the world and soon a second edition had to come on the market in Germany, which was extensively extended and revised. More and more information had been added, including spreads on important foundational information on the common imaging planes for plain film, MRI, and CT scans, the structure of skeletal muscle fibers, the structure and chemical composition of hyaline cartilage, and the regeneration of peripheral nerves, bone marrow, and paraganglia, as well as new graphical summaries in neuroanatomy. Hence the fifth German edition looks ever more distinctly different from the first one. Of course, we have also checked, corrected, and updated all of the information in this atlas. We are grateful to the American branch of Thieme that they have made this third English edition possible. We hope that this updated version will serve the medical students and practitioners of medicine alike in helping them to understand human morphology which is indispensable for diagnosis and therapy. Michael Schünke, Erik Schulte, Udo Schumacher, Markus Voll, and Karl Wesker