Daniel R.Streett They went out from us Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche Herausgegeben von James D. G. Dunn · Carl R.Holladay Hermann Lichtenberger · Jens Schröter Gregory E. Sterling · Michael Wolter Band 177 De Gruyter Daniel R. Streett They went out from us The Identity of the Opponents in First John De Gruyter ISBN 978-3-11-024770-1 e-ISBN 978-3-11-024771-8 ISSN 0171-6441 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Streett,DanielR. Theywentoutfromus:theIdentityoftheOpponentsinFirstJohn/ DanielR.Streett. p.cm.- (BeiheftezurZeitschriftfürdieneutestamentlicheWissen- schaftunddieKundederälterenKirche,ISSN0171-6441;Bd.177) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-3-11-024770-1(hardcover23¥15,5:alk.paper) 1. Bible. N.T. Epistle of John, 1st - Criticism, interpretation, etc. 2.Discernment(Christiantheology). 3.Spiritualwarfare. I.Title. BS2805.52.S77 2010 2271.9406-dc22 2010044275 BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableintheInternetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de. ”2011WalterdeGruyterGmbH&Co.KG,Berlin/NewYork Printing:Hubert&Co.GmbH&Co.KG,Göttingen (cid:2)Printedonacid-freepaper PrintedinGermany www.degruyter.com τῇ γυναικί μου συγκληρονόμῳ χάριτος ζωῆς. γνήσια σύζυγός μοι εἶ σύ. Foreword The present work is a revised version of my 2008 dissertation. I wish to thank the following people for the part each has played in bringing this work to its present publication: my adviser, Andreas Köstenberger, who modeled the discipline and attention to detail essential to good academic writing, and supported my research even when he may not have been totally convinced; my second examiner, L. Scott Kellum, who offered many helpful suggestions and critiques; Judy Gundry, who has been a constant source of sage professional advice and encouragement, and who recommended that I pursue publication with DeGruyter; Albrecht Döhnert of DeGruyter, who accepted my thesis for publication in the BZNW series; the anonymous readers for the BZNW series, who provided many helpful comments; Jerry Johnson, who hired me in 2005 to teach at Criswell College and graciously arranged a lighter initial teaching load to allow me to complete much of the research for this work; my brother, Andrew Streett, who served as a sounding board for many of the ideas presented below; my parents, Alan and Lynn Streett, who instilled in me from a young age a love of reading and research, and who proofread the entire work; and finally, to my wife, Renée, who lovingly and patiently endured two years of research and writing at the beginning of our marriage, who carefully proofread the entire work and compiled most of the indices, and to whom I joyfully dedicate this book. Daniel R. Streett September 10, 2010 Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: Options for Identifying the Opponents of 1 John ............... 5 I. The Basic Questions ................................................................................ 5 II. Five Views of the Opponents ............................................................... 6 III. Ultra-Johannine Opponents ................................................................ 8 A. The Role of the Johannine Community Hypothesis ................ 11 B. Reconstructions of the Community’s History ........................... 13 C. Weaknesses of the Ultra-Johannine Theory .............................. 16 IV. Gnostic Opponents ............................................................................. 19 A. Exegetical Basis for the Theory of Gnostic Opponents ............ 20 B. Weaknesses with the Theory of Gnostic Opponents ................ 22 1. Dating Issues ......................................................................... 22 2. Methodological Issues ......................................................... 23 3. Gnostic Use of 1 John ........................................................... 24 4. The Definition Debate .......................................................... 25 a. Methods of Definition ..................................................... 27 b. The Messina Definition ................................................... 28 c. Two Recent Contributions .............................................. 29 d. Earlier Challenges ........................................................... 32 e. Incipient Gnosticism? ...................................................... 33 C. Conclusion ..................................................................................... 35 V. Docetic Opponents ............................................................................... 35 A. Exegetical Basis for the Theory of Docetic Opponents ............ 37 1. Explicitly Anti-Docetic Passages ........................................ 37 2. Implicitly Anti-Docetic Passages ........................................ 38 B. Types of Docetism ......................................................................... 38 1. Monophysite Theories ......................................................... 38 a. Marcion and Saturninus ................................................. 39 b. The Opponents of Ignatius of Antioch ......................... 40 x Table of Contents c. The Acts of John ................................................................. 44 d. Other Texts ....................................................................... 45 2. Ouranosarkic Theories ......................................................... 46 3. Replacement Theories .......................................................... 47 C. Origins of Docetism ...................................................................... 48 1. Greek Dualism ...................................................................... 49 2. High Christology .................................................................. 49 3. Christological Prophecy ....................................................... 50 D. Weaknesses with the Theory of Docetic Opponents ................ 50 VI. Cerinthian Opponents ........................................................................ 53 A. Exegetical Basis for the Theory of Cerinthian Opponents ...... 54 B. Ancient Evidence for Cerinthianism and Johannine Anti-Cerinthianism ...................................................................... 56 1. Epistula Apostolorum ............................................................. 56 2. Irenaeus .................................................................................. 57 3. Hippolytus ............................................................................. 59 4. Pseudo-Tertullian ................................................................. 60 5. Victorinus .............................................................................. 61 6. Dionysius of Alexandria ...................................................... 62 7. Eusebius ................................................................................. 63 8. Epiphanius ............................................................................. 63 C. Scholarly Reconstructions of Cerinthus ..................................... 65 1. Cerinthus the Chiliast .......................................................... 65 2. Cerinthus the Gnostic .......................................................... 66 3. Cerinthus the Jewish Gnostic .............................................. 67 D. Weaknesses of the Theory of Cerinthian Opponents ............... 68 1. The Dearth of Reliable Ancient Evidence ......................... 69 2. The Questionable Relevance of the Ancient Evidence .... 72 3. Other Possible Separationist Opponents ........................... 74 VII. Opponents Who Devalue Jesus ....................................................... 77 A. Exegetical Basis for the Theory of Opponents who Devalue Jesus ....................................................................... 79 1. Raymond Brown’s Reconstruction .................................... 79 2. Urban Von Wahlde’s Reconstruction ................................ 82 B. Weaknesses of the Theory of Opponents who Devalue Jesus . 86 1. Weaknesses of Brown’s Proposal ....................................... 86 2. Weaknesses of Von Wahlde’s Proposal ............................. 89 VIII. Jewish Opponents ............................................................................ 90 A. The Exegetical Basis for the Theory of Jewish Opponents ...... 91 B. Previous Contributions to the Jewish Apostate View .............. 92 1. Alois Wurm ........................................................................... 92 2. J. C. O’Neill ............................................................................ 94