SPECIAL INDIAN EDITION Thermodynamics Second Edition About the Authors AP=IMMMEI1111.1- Merle C Potter has a BS degree in Mechanical Engineering from Michigan Technological University; his MS in Aerospace Engineering and PhD in Engineering Mechanics were received from the University of Michigan. He is the author or coauthor of The Mechanics of Fluids, Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Sciences, Differential Equations, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Fundamentals of Engineering, and numerous papers in fluid mechanics and energy. He is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at Michigan State University. Craig W Somerton studied Engineering at UCLA, where he was awarded the BS, MS, and PhD degrees. He is currently Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Michigan State University. He has published in the International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education and is a past recipient of the SAE Ralph R Teetor Education Award. Sukumar Pati obtained a BE in Mechanical Engineering from Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College (North Bengal University), where he was awarded the Silver Medal for 2nd rank. He received a Master of Engineering degree in Fluid Mechanics from Bengal Engineering and Science University. He joined Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, as a Lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering in 2001. He was promoted to the post of Senior Lecturer in 2006 and became Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering in 2007. Sukumar Pati teaches thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer and computational fluid dynamics, and he is the co-author of the textbooks Engineering Mechanics and Mechanical Sciences II, both published by Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Presently, he is pursuing PhD at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. Sukumar Pati can be contacted at sukumarthermodynamics@gmail. corn. Thermodynamics Second Edition Merle C Potter Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering Michigan State University Craig W Somerton Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Michigan State University Adapted by Sukumar Pati Formerly, Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited NEW DELHI McGraw-Hill Offices New Delhi New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto ' Tata McGraw-Hill Adapted in India by arrangement with The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York. Sales Territories: India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Bhutan Schaum's Outlines of Thermodynamics, 2e Copyright 2011, 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 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Ed: Biju Ganesan General Manager—Production: Rajender P Ghansela Asst General Manager—Production: B L Dogra Information contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw-Hill, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. Typeset at Tulyasys Technologies, No. 1 Arulananthammal Nagar, Thanjavur 613 007, and printed at Krishna Offset, 10/122, Vishnu Gali, Vishwas Nagar, Delhi 110 032 Cover Printer: SDR Printers RZLQCRBZRYLYR The McGraw-Hill Companies Dedicated to my teachers Prof S K Som and Prof Suman Chakraborty Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Kharagpur Sukumar Pati Contents Preface to the Adapted Edition xiii Preface xvii List of Important Symbols xix 1. Concepts, Definitions, and Basic Principles 1.1-1.26 1.1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 Thermodynamic Systems and Control Volume 1.1 1.3 Macroscopic Description 1.2 1.4 Properties and State of a System 1.3 1.5 Thermodynamic Equilibrium; Processes 1.4 1.6 Units 1.6 1.7 Density, Specific Volume, Specific Weight 1.8 1.8 Pressure 1.11 1.9 Temperature 1.15 1.10 Energy 1.18 Review Questions 1.21 Problems 1.22 Objective Type Questions 1.23 Answers to Problems 1.26 Answers to Objective Type Questions 1.26 2. Properties of Pure Substances 2.1-2.21 2.1 Introduction 2.1 2.2 The P-u-T Surface 2.1 2.3 The Liquid-Vapor Region 2.4 2.4 Steam Tables 2.5 2.5 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State 2.10 2.6 Equations of State for a Nonideal Gas 2.14 Review Questions 2.17 Problems 2.17 Objective Type Questions 2.19 Answers to Problems 2.20 Answers to Objective Type Questions 2.21 3. Work and Heat 3.1-3.23 3.1 Introduction 3.1 3.2 Definition of Work 3.1 3.3 Quasiequilibrium Work Due to a Moving Boundary 3.3 viii Contents 3.4 Nonequilibrium Work 3.10 3.5 Other Work Modes 3.11 3.6 Heat 3.14 3.7 Comparision of Heat and Work 3.17 Review Questions 3.18 Problems 3.18 Objective Type Questions 3.21 Answers to Problems 3.23 Answers to Objective Type Questions 3.23 4. The First Law of Thermodynamics 4.1-4.64 4.1 Introduction 4.1 4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to a Cycle 4.1 4.3 The First Law Applied to a Process 4.3 4.4 Enthalpy 4.7 4.5 Latent Heat 4.9 4.6 Specific Heats 4.10 4.7 The First Law Applied to Various Processes 4.15 4.8 General Formulation for Control Volumes 4.23 4.9 Applications of the Energy Equation 4.27 Review Questions 4.48 Problems 4.48 Objective Type Questions 4.59 Answers to Problems 4.63 Answers to Objective Type Questions 4.64 5. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.1-5.28 5.1 Introduction 5.1 5.2 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators 5.2 5.3 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.3 5.4 Reversibility 5.4 5.5 The Carnot Engine 5.6 5.6 Carnot Efficiency 5.9 Review Questions 5.23 Problems 5.24 Objective Type Questions 5.26 Answers to Problems 5.28 Answers to Objective Type Questions 5.28 6. Entropy 6.1- 6.37 6.1 Introduction 6.1 6.2 Definition 6.1 Contents ix 6.3 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats 6.3 6.4 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats 6.6 6.5 Entropy for Substances Such as Steam, Solids, and Liquids 6.9 6.6 The Inequality of Clausius 6.14 6.7 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process 6.16 6.8 Entropy and Disorder 6.22 6.9 Entropy Generation in a Closed System 6.22 6.10 The Second Law Applied to a Control Volume 6.22 Review Questions 6.30 Problems 6.30 Objective Type Questions 6.35 Answers to Problems 6.36 Answers to Objective Type Questions 6.37 7. Reversible Work, Irreversibility, and Availability 7.1-7.18 7.1 Basic Concepts 7.1 7.2 Reversible Work and Irreversibility 7.2 7.3 Availability and Exergy 7.7 7.4 Second-Law Analysis of a Cycle 7.12 Review Questions 7.15 Problems 7.15 Objective Type Questions 7.17 Answers to Problems 7.17 Answers to Objective Type Questions 7.18 8. Gas Power Cycles 8.1- 8.70 8.1 Introduction 8.1 8.2 Gas Compressors 8.1 8.3 The Air-Standard Cycle 8.14 8.4 The Carnot Cycle 8.16 8.5 The Otto Cycle 8.18 8.6 The Diesel Cycle 8.23 8.7 The Dual Cycle 8.28 8.8 The Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 8.33 8.9 The Brayton Cycle 8.40 8.10 The Regenerative Gas-Turbine Cycle 8.45 8.11 The Intercooling, Reheat, Regenerative Gas-Turbine Cycle 8.51 8.12 The Turbojet Engine 8.52 Review Questions 8.58 Problems 8.59 Objective Type Questions 8.65