Theoretical and Experimental Sonochemistry Involving Inorganic Systems . Pankaj Muthupandian Ashokkumar (cid:1) Editors Theoretical and Experimental Sonochemistry Involving Inorganic Systems Editors Prof.Pankaj Prof.MuthupandianAshokkumar DepartmentofChemistry UniversityofMelbourne FacultyofScience SchoolofChemistry DayalbaghEducationalInstitute 3010ParkvilleVictoria Agra282110UttarPradesh Australia India [email protected] [email protected]; [email protected] ISBN978-90-481-3886-9 e-ISBN978-90-481-3887-6 DOI10.1007/978-90-481-3887-6 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010937992 #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2011 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurpose ofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Coverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword I began my research into Sonochemistry over 30 years agonowandatthattimeitwasformeanexplorationof the unknown. In 1988 with my colleague Phil Lorimer we wrote the first book to carry in its title the word Sonochemistry with a subtitle “Theory applications and uses of ultrasound in chemistry”. In recent years, Sonochemistryhasshownsignificantgrowthinavariety of fields no longer limited to chemistry with special attention being paid tomaterials science, environmental protection, food technology and therapy. Indeed the overall breadth of sonochemistry is expanding to such an extentthat it now encompasses hybrid technologies involving combinations of ultrasound with electrochemistry, photochemistry and microwaves. In particular great attention has been focused on the synthesis of functional nano- and micro- particlesinvolvingbothbiologicalandinorganicmaterials. The publication of new text books and monographs reflects the health of a subject and so it is with great pleasure that I write this Foreword for the book, TheoreticalandExperimentalSonochemistryInvolvingInorganicSystems,Edited byProfessorsPankajandAshokkumar. Theoretical and Experimental Sonochemistry Involving Inorganic Systems is a unique compilation of theoretical and experimental studies involving water based systems and chemical rather than biological species. This is really where sono- chemistrybeganandsoitisappropriatetohavethemorerecentstudiesinaqueous systemsbroughttogetherinonevolume.Whenultrasoundisintroducedintosuch systems the chemistry becomes quite fascinating as a result of the influence of acousticcavitation both from the points of view of chemical andphysical effects. Thisbookcontainschaptersthatdealwithvariousaspectsofsonochemicalresearch v vi Foreword inaqueoussolutionswithaparticularemphasisoninorganicsystems.Thiswillbe an important text for all those interested in or directly involved with current sonochemistryresearch. September2010 TimothyJ.Mason ProfessorofChemistry CoventryUniversity,UK Preface Thethemesofseveralbookspublishedinthefieldofsonochemistryrevolvearound physical and chemical aspects involving mainly organic chemistry or a combina- tion of physics, chemistry and other areas. The sonochemical studies involving inorganicreactions,althoughnumerous,arescarcelydiscussedandcompiledinthe existingliterature.Thispromptedustoeditingthisbook.Thiswaswelcomedand has been made successful by many contributors, as can be seen through various chapters of this book. Besides, the availability of a book devoted to inorganic systemsinsonochemistrymayalsohelpundergraduatestudents,juvenileworkers and senior researchers alike to learn about sonochemistry and publicize the sono- chemistryresearchfieldtoamuchbroadercommunity. The book offers a theoretical introduction in the first three chapters, provides recent applications in material science in the next four chapters, describes the effectsofultrasoundinaqueoussolutionsinthefollowingfivechaptersandfinally discussesthemostexcitingphenomenonofsonoluminescenceinaqueoussolutions containing inorganic materials in subsequent two chapters, before ending with a fewbasicintroductoryexperimentsofsonochemistryandsonoluminescenceinthe concludingchapter. Prof.Yasuidiscussedthefundamentalsofacousticcavitationandsonochemistry throughthesplittingofwatertogeneratefreeradicalsasaconsequenceofexcep- tionally high temperatures, pressures and mass flow conditions generated during acoustic cavitation in solutions. Dr. Gogate has discussed the design aspects of cavitation reactors and examined the effect of intensity and frequency of ultra- sound, geometry of the reactor, physicochemical properties of liquids and the operational temperature on the intensity of cavitation for the maximization of process efficiencies. Later, Dr. Gogate and Prof. Pandit have described the phe- nomenonofhydrodynamiccavitationforthescaleupoperationofseveralphysical, chemicalandbiologicalprocesses.Prof.Garciahasdiscussedthecombinedeffects of electrochemistry and ultrasound for the production of gas, metal deposits and metal oxides, in addition to providing a summary of the fundamental aspects, experimental set-up and different applications of a rather new field of applied vii viii Preface sonoelectrochemistry. Prof. Okitsu has illustrated the synthesis of metal nanopar- ticlesandtheeffectsofdissolvedgases,rateofreductionandtheconcentrationof organicadditivesonthesizeandshapesofnanoparticles.Toadvancetheportrayal further, Assistant Prof. Anandan and Prof. Ashokkumar have provided additional informationonthesonochemicalpreparationofmonometallic,bimetallicandmetal loadedsemiconductornanoparticles.Incontinuationwiththesereviews,Associate Prof. Sonawane and Dr. Kulkarni have described the sonochemical synthesis of nanocalcium carbonatethrough theacousticand hydrodynamic cavitations.Asso- ciate Prof. Sivakumar has summarized various kinds of simple and mixed oxides andsulphidesobtainedinthelastfewyearsthroughsonochemicalprocesses.Prof. Pankaj has discussed the effect of ultrasound propagation in aqueous solutions in the atmospheres of inert and reactive gases and the precipitation behavior of hydroxidesofseveraldi-andtri-valentmetalions,besidesreportingtheresultsof nephelometric and conductometric studies of sonicated solutions of these metal ions. Prof. Pankaj and Dr. Chauhan further reported the redox characteristics of ferrous and ferric ions in aqueous solutions and a comparative account of the oxidizing power of permanganate and dichromate ions, under the influence of ultrasound. In the next two chapters, Mr Verma and Prof. Pankaj have advanced thedescriptionofsonophotocatalyticdegradationofphenolandseveralaminesand also found a very interesting improvement of such degradation in the presence of rare earth ions, co-added with the photocatalyst, titanium dioxide. Other conven- tionalmethodsforthedegradationofthesespeciesinaqueoussolutionshavebeen compared with the sonochemical treatment processes. To explain a relatively difficult but equally fascinating consequence of high intensity ultrasound, Prof. Choihas discussed thephenomenonofsonoluminescencefrom aqueous solutions containing inorganic ions, especially alkali metal atom emission in aqueous solu- tions in various environments and described the emission mechanism, supporting thegasphaseoriginoftheemission.Finally,Dr.Brotchie,Prof.GrieserandProf. Ashokkumar have discussed the role of salts in acoustic cavitation and the use of inorganiccomplexesascavitationprobestoinferinvaluablequantitativeinforma- tion regarding the temperature and pressure at the time of cavitation bubble collapse. Few basic experiments of sonochemistry and sonoluminescence have alsobeendescribedinthelastsegmentofthebook. Besides the contributors of various chapters, we also wish to acknowledge the supportand criticalevaluationofthe chaptersby several professionals (cannotbe namedduetoconfidentiality)whoreviewedthearticlesinatimelymanner. Wesincerelyhopethatthisbookisimmenselybeneficialtograduatestudentsand researcherstolearnthefundamentalaspectsofcavitationandtolaunchnewresearch activities in the sonochemistry research field. The readers will also realize that sonochemistryisnotjustlimitedto“chemistry”buthasthepotentialtoincorporate inotherareasincludingphysics,engineering,biochemistryandmedicine. Agra,India Pankaj Melbourne,Australia MuthupandianAshokkumar June2010 About the Editors ProfessorPankajisagraduateandPh.D.fromLucknow University,India(1982)withspecializationinInorganic ChemistryandavictorofMRamanNayerGoldMedal. Fromhisinitialworkonthestudiesofsolventproperties ofnon-aqueoussolventsandlateronthemeasurementof ultrasonic velocity, Prof. Pankaj switched over to sono- chemicalstudiesinaqueoussolutionsinvolvinginorgan- icsystems,afterhisEuropeanCommunityPost-Doctoral Fellowship (1990 – 91) at the Department of Physics, University of Surrey, UK. He has published ~50 papers in peer reviewed national and international journals and contributed chapters to 5 books. He is a recipient of grants from agencies such as UGC, AICTE, DST & DAE-BRNS. Prof. Pankaj is also the Executive Editor of the Journal of Indian CouncilChemistsandreviewerforseveralnationalandinternationaljournalslike Canadian J Chemical Engineering; CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water; Ind. J. Chem. and Ind. J. Pure Appl. Ultrasonics. He is a Fellow of Ultrasonic Society of India and IndianCouncilofChemists. ProfessorMuthupandianAshokkumar(Ashok)isa PhysicalChemistwhospecializesinSonochemistry,tea- chesundergraduateandpostgraduateChemistryandisa senior academicstaff memberofthe School ofChemis- try,UniversityofMelbourne.Ashokisarenownedsono- chemistwhohasdevelopedanumberofnoveltechniques tocharacterizeacousticcavitationbubblesandhasmade majorcontributionsofappliedsonochemistrytotheFood and Dairy industry. His research team has developed a novelultrasonicprocessingtechnologyforimprovingthe functional properties of dairy ingredients. Recent re- searchalsoinvolvestheultrasonicsynthesisoffunctional ix