Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School 8-1973 Work and the Family: Themes in the Plays of Arthur Miller Sue Parsons Follow this and additional works at:http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses Part of theLiterature in English, North America Commons Recommended Citation Parsons, Sue, "Work and the Family: Themes in the Plays of Arthur Miller" (1973).Masters Theses & Specialist Projects.Paper 1811. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1811 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Specialist Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORK AND THE FAMILY: THEMES IN THE PLAYS OF ARTHUR MILLER A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of English Western Kentucky Universit~ Bowling Green, Kentucky '" In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Haster of I'rts WEST KY. UNIY. LIB. by Sue Parsons August 3, 1973 .. I(ORK AND TIlE FANILY: TIIHIES IN TilE PLAYS OF ARTHUR m LLER '" ,\ I' P TO VC d ....J.r:.,if"".~.G ..~ tu....,-",- .t1"'f.9:'l-I.J/~'j.c.,ZU1_ Date TABLE OF CONTENTS CHl\PTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. CHARACTER AND PHILOSOPHy........... . . ...... . . .... 11 III. RESPONSIBILITY. . . . .. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 41 IV. STABILITy... ................ ....... .... ...... .... 57 V. \"lORK..... ........................................ 76 VI. SUMHARY AND CONCLUSIONS. . .. . ......•.. ....... . ..... 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY •..••••••. ... ..•••••... , . • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • . • •• 100 ,. iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In 1949 Arthur Nill.er emerged as a successful playwright Hfth the opcning on Broadway of ~ of a Salesman. John Brm,.'!) said, in a review at the time, that Hiller's play was the "most poignant statement of man as he must face himself to have corne out of our theatre. ,,1 And Daniel E. Schneider made a prediction th;>t- proved true when he said "~ of !. Salesman is an enduring play. It will be performed over and over for many years, bGoause of its author's masterful ax .' 2 •~ osition of the unconscious motivations of our lives.w Crit.; cal accldim followed each succeeding play, and in 1962 Gerald \'leales said "it is generally conceded, ... that Hiller is one of the two playwrights of the post war American theater who deserve any consideration as major dramatists, Tennessee h'illiams io the other.") In 1969 Robert \-1. Cor- r Igan said that Hiller has been a major figure in American theatre for the past quarter of a century and that "Miller's ~1ason ~ 1 John Brown, "Even as You and I," Saturday 2!. Literature. February 26, 1949, p. 31. ~, 2Daniel Schneider, "Play of Dreams," Thc"'trc XXXIII (October, 1949), 21. 3Gcrald \\'ealcs, American' Drama Since ri\'o-rld Wa r !.!. (New York: liarcourt, Brace & World:--rn-2r,-p:- 1 2 own sense of involvement with modern man's struggle to be himself is revealed in his own growth as an artist and has made him one of l..e modern theater's most compelling and important spokcsmen.,,4 Finally in 1971, Harold Clurman, ed- itor of the latest collection of Miller's works, said in his introduction, "there can be no doubt at this point in our literary and theatrical history as to Arthur Miller's posi- tion in it. Among the playwrights since the emergence of Eugene O'Neill only Lillian Hellman, Clifford Odets and Ten- nessee l1illiams are at all comparable to him." Clurman finds it significant alsc.. that Europeans prefer l>1iller to any other ·.:nerican playwright. Such critical evaluations make it evi- dent that Arthur Hiller's plays have lasting merit as well S as contemporary box office appeal. ,. As one studies carefully Hiller's plays a philosophy begins to take shape, and one begins to suspect that Miller's depiction of the little man (the Lomans, the Kellers and the Franzs) is not as pessimistic as people have thought nor a8 a superficial reading suggests. His treatment is, in fact, saturated with optimism, optimism at first quite naive and inhibited, but becoming increasingly bold as t~e author clarifies it for himself in each succeeding play. 4Robert H. C\)rrigan, Arthur Hiller: A Collection of Critical Essays (Englewood C:liffs, N. J . : -Prent1.ce Hall, 1969) , p. 22 SHarol.] Clurr.l.Jn, cd. , The Portable Arthur Hiller (New York: The Viking PrcsS';-1971), pp. VII=Xxv. 3 Hiller's ?rimary criticism of the Amc .. ican Theatre is that" it has separated the individual from his society and in doing so has merely dramatized man's alienation from the h·orld in which he lives. ,,6 Hiller does not believe that such alienation and subsequent frustration are men's fate. His plays, therefore, are his attempt to put man back in the midst of society and to have him face his responsibility for other pecple in it. To do this he consistently uses a microcosm of society--the family. The conflicts between the characters are familial conflicts, and the action of his plays is ul- timately an attempt to resolve the conflicts and restore the stability of the family. But Hiller's drarear·~ cosmos, going beyond the front gate, calls for the same kind of relatedness among men in society as among family members. In discussing "~illiams' ~ Streetcar ~ Desire, Miller says: Here Blanche Dubois· and the sensitivity she repre sents has been crushed by her moving out of the shelter of the home and the family into the uncar ing, anti-human world outside it. Blanche dnd Wl.lly are alike, he suggests, in that the blow struck againtit them was struck outside the home rather than within it. Of Hamlet, Oeclipus, and ~, he says: These plays arc all examining the concept of loss. of man's deprivation of a once-extant state of bliss unjustly shattered--a bliss, a state of equilibrium. which the hero (and his audience) is attempting to reconstruct or to recreate with new, latter-day life materials. 6C• W. Tro\o."bridgc, "Arthur Hiller: Between Pathos f.nd 'I'ragedy," ~~odern Drama, X (December, 1967), 221. 4 This state of satisfaction to ... I-:ich one would return, he con- tinues, stem::. from "the memory of both playwright and audience of an enfoldin<] family and of childhood.,,7 ~"amily harmony is symbolic of a larger harmony Hiller hopes can be achieved in the family of mankind. Several crItics concur with the general symbolic character of the plays, and some speak of the poetic nature of his work, im- plying that there is a quality that goes beyond the surface realism. Gassner, for example, admires the way Miller has fusen the dream-like imaginative quality to everyday reality, and he cOr.\lf,ents that this theatrical treatment produc.es "a poetic dratTIa ... rare in the Americ':'J theatre." 8 Clurman su9- gests a similar idea: But I believe t>liller's plays move toward poetry. I refer not to language but to conception an-I! In- r tensi ty. ..he poetry in Hiller's plays and in sev eral of his stories is that of the impassioned mor alist who, as in a parable, seeks to convey not so much a thought as an emotion which goes beyond the factual material employed. Virtually all the art ists who have devised settings for the Hiller plays have been aware of their transcendence of the nat uralistic and have expressed this awareness through designs of a semi-abstract or symbolic character.' Hiller himself remarks that there is little of the universal in a play about a particular family unless the playwright 7jl.rthur Hiller, "The Family in l-Iodern Drama," Atlantic Honthly, CXCVII (1\pril, 1956), 37. 8John Gassner, ed., A Treasury £f ~ Theatre (New York: Simon and Schu!;ter, 1957)-; p. 1062. 9Clurman, !!'!£. Portable J\rt.~ur Hiller, p. xxi. 5 projects those qualitics nor.:v:.ily associated with family into the society of mcn. 'I'he dream-like poetic character of Hil- lor 's plays, then, is an effort on his part to transcend a particular point in time and delve into the question of right living in a hostile world. Through the symbolic structure of the family i-1iller re- veals the need for familial connectedness and gives hints as to how man can make a home of the outside world. In All ~ Sons Joe Keller tries to excuse his crime by saying he did it for the family. "Nothing is bigger" than the family, he says; but Kate replies, "There is to Chris." For Chris and for Hiller , man ought to care a:~. at those outside the front gate in the same \yay as he cares about those inside it. Clurman notes that for Hiller, ,. The family is pivotal, but beyond the family is the family of mankind. The family has its extension ia the community, the social body . ... Here, then, is .... here ,-aller locates the focus of responsibility.lO In showing man's inseparableness from the society in which he lives, Hiller al!:io deals with man's relat ions in the world of worK. He has never believed "that you could tell about a man without telling about the world he was living i .., .11 what he was like not only at hOMe in bed but on the. job. Hiller's protagonists are defined to a large extent by the jobs thcy hold and their attitudes toward them. Dedication to the job contributes in part to the undoing of both Joe 10 Clurman, p. x'iv. llArthur Hiller, NThe Shadows of the Gods," Harper 's, CCXVII (August, 1958) , 36. 6 Keller <lnd Willy Loman. And because- Victor Franz has spent a lif'1timc doing a purportedly hated job, he and his wife are tempted to dismiss their lives as meaningless. Hiller always affirms the value of professional work. 'rhe purpose of this paper is to examine concp.pts of the family and of work as depicted in Arthur Miller's plays. Two more timely themes could hardly be devised. Newspaper and magazine articles attesting to changjng concepts concerning the family and the ..... orking man are abundant. 'fhe prevailing belief that the "family" is outdated and old fashioned is re- fleeted in such titles as "\olhat s Happening to the Amerir:an I Family," "After the Divorce--Then Wha ~."" "Is the Family Ob- solete?" "Family is out of Fashion ," "to"amily Under Siege ,. and "Family in Crises." Increasing numbers of youth and ,adults alike are rejecting marriage as an institution, and writings on the merits of 5uch a trend are to be found daily. In a recent article entitled "Brave New Narriagc," the author begins by referring to the "myth of the American marriage,· and he reports that the middle class American is now making such statements as "Harriagc is as obsolete as the piston engine plane," and it is "the triumph of hypocrisy.-12 By the same token, the principle of ..... ork is rejected by many because it is viewed as a lifelong endeavor, the out~ come of which is questionable. The view of work as part of 12f.1elvin I-laddocks, "Brave New Marriage," !.!:!£ Atlantic, ccxxx (Sep~ember, 1972), 66-69.