THEMES AND THEORIES RRhhiiggggiinnss vvoolluummee 11..iinnddbb ii 11//1122//22000099 66::0044::2200 PPMM RRhhiiggggiinnss vvoolluummee 11..iinnddbb iiii 11//1122//22000099 66::0044::2211 PPMM Th emes and Th eories Selected Essays, Speeches, and Writings in International Law ROSALYN HIGGINS DBE QC 1 RRhhiiggggiinnss vvoolluummee 11..iinnddbb iiiiii 11//1122//22000099 66::0044::2211 PPMM 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © unless otherwise stated, Rosalyn Higgins, 2009 Th e moral rights of the author have been asserted Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence Number C01P0000148 with the permission of OPSI and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2009 All rights reserved. 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Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham ISBN 978–0–19–955859–9 (Vol 1) ISBN 978–0–19–955860–5 (Vol 2) ISBN 978–0–19–826235–0 (Set) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 RRhhiiggggiinnss vvoolluummee 11..iinnddbb iivv 11//1122//22000099 66::0044::2211 PPMM For Terence, a promise kept 0000--RRhhiiggggiinnss--PPrreelliimmss VVoolluummee 11..iinndddd vv 11//2200//22000099 1100::4477::5599 AAMM Detailed Table of Contents and Copyright Acknowledgements Th e following pieces appear in this volume by kind permission. Every eff ort has been made to contact the Copyright holders of the items reproduced here, how- ever the Publisher will be delighted to rectify any omission upon reprinting of this book. Introductory Chapter (based on ‘International law since 1945: A Personal Journey’, Speech given on the eve of receiving the Balzan Prize 2007 for International Law since 1945, University of Zurich, 22 November 2007). Part 1: International Legal Th eory 1. ‘Policy Considerations and the International Judicial Process’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 17(1), pp. 58–84, London, 1968, Cambridge University Press 2. ‘Policy and Impartiality: Th e Uneasy Relationship in International Law’, International Organization, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, 914–931, Boston, World Peace Foundation, 1969, MIT Press 3. ‘Th e UN and Law-making: Th e Political Organs’, Proceedings, American Society of International Law, Vol. 64, p. 37, New York, 1970 4. ‘Conceptual Th inking about the Individual in International Law’, British Journal of International Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1–19, London, Europa; and New York Law School Law Review, Vol. XXIV, No. 1, 11–29, New York, West Publishing, 1978, Cambridge University Press 5. ‘Th e Identity of International Law’, International Law Teaching and Practice, (ed. Bin Cheng), 27–45, London, Stevens & Sons, 1982, Permission to republish granted by Sweet & Maxwell 6. ‘Fundamentals of International Law’, Perspectives in International Law, 1–22, (ed. N. Jasentuliyana), London, Kluwer, 1995, Permission to republish granted by Koninklijke Brill N.V. 7. ‘Th e Concept of ‘Th e State’: Variable Geometry and Dualist Perceptions’, Th e International Legal System in quest of Equity and Universality, Liber Amicorum Georges Abi-Saab, pp. 547–561, (eds. L.Boisson de Chazournes and V. Gowlland-Debbas), Th e Hague, Kluwer, 2001, Permission to republish granted by Koninklijke Brill N.V. 8. Our ‘Virtuous Trilogy’, 181–186, Democracy and the Rule of Law, (eds. Dorsen & Giff ord), Library of Congress, Washington D.C., 2001, CQ Press RRhhiiggggiinnss vvoolluummee 11..iinnddbb xxiixx 11//1122//22000099 66::0044::2222 PPMM xx Detailed Table of Contents and Copyright Acknowledgements Part 2: United Nations Law 1. ‘Th e Development of International Law by the Political Organs of the UN’, Proceedings of the American Society of International Law, New York, 1965 2. ‘United Nations Peace keeping—Political and Financial Problems’, Th e World Today: Chatham House Review, Vol. 21, issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Aff airs by Oxford University Press, pp. 324–337, 1965 3. ‘Th e Place of International Law in the Settlement of Disputes by the Security Council’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 64, 1–15, 1970 4. ‘Th e Advisory Opinion on Namibia: Which UN Resolutions are Binding Under Article 25 of the Charter?,’ International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 21, Part 2, p. 270, (London, BIICL), 1972, Cambridge University Press 5. ‘Th e New United Nations: Appearance and Reality’, Th e Josephine Onoh Memorial Lecture, University of Hull Press, 1993 6. ‘Th e New United Nations and Former Yugoslavia’, 69 International Aff airs 465, 1993, Blackwell Publishing 7. ‘Th e UN Security Council and the Individual State’, Th e Changing Constitution of the United Nations, (ed. Hazel Fox), 43–51, London, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 1997 8. ‘Some Th oughts on the Evolving Relationship between the Security Council and NATO’, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber Vol. I, 511, Brussels, Bruylant, 1998 Part 3: Use of Force 1. ‘Intervention and International Law’, Intervention in World Politics, (ed. H. Bull), 29–44, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1984 2. ‘Second-Generation Peacekeeping’, Proceedings of the American Society of International Law, 275–280, New York, 1995 3. ‘Peace and Security: Achievements and Failures’, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 6, No. 3, 445–460, Florence, European University Institute, 1995 4. ‘Th e New Challenges and the Role of the International Court of Justice’, in: Th e New Challenges of Humanitarian Law in Armed Confl icts: in Honour of Professor Juan Antonio Carrillo-Salcedo, (ed. by Pablo Antonio Fernández-Sánchez), Martinus Nijhoff , 2005, Permission to republish granted by Koninklijke Brill N.V. Part 4: State and Diplomatic Immunities 1. ‘Recent Developments in the Law of Sovereign Immunity in the United Kingdom’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 71, No. 3, 423–437, 1977 RRhhiiggggiinnss vvoolluummee 11..iinnddbb xxxx 11//1122//22000099 66::0044::2222 PPMM Detailed Table of Contents and Copyright Acknowledgements xxi 2. ‘Th e Death Th roes of Absolute Immunity’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 73, 465–470, 1979 3. ‘Execution of State Property: United Kingdom Practice’, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, Vol. X, 35–54, Alphen a/d Rijn, Sijthoff & Noordhoff , 1980 4. ‘Certain Unresolved Aspects of the Law of State Immunity’, Netherlands International Law Review, 265, 1982, Cambridge University Press 5. ‘Th e Abuse of Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities: Recent United Kingdom Experience’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 79, No. 3, 641–651, 1985 6. ‘Execution of State Property in English Law’, L’Immunité d’Exécution de l’Etat Étranger 101–120, Paris, Montchrestien, 1990 7. ‘After Pinochet: Developments on Head of State and Ministerial Immunities’, Th e Incorporated Council of Law Reporting Annual Lecture 2006, London, 26 June 2006 Part 5: Human Rights 1. ‘Th e Soblen Case’, Th e World Today: Chatham House Review, Vol. 18, issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Aff airs by Oxford University Press, pp. 415–427, 1962 2. ‘Th e Right in International Law of an Individual to Enter, Stay In and Leave a Country’, International Aff airs, 1973, Blackwell Publishing 3. ‘Derogations Under Human Rights Treaties’, British Yearbook of International Law, LXVII, 281–320, 1976 4. ‘Encouraging Human Rights’, London School of Economics Quarterly (Autumn), 249–265, 1988, Blackwell Publishing 5. ‘Th e UN: Still a Force for Peace’, (Chorley Lecture 1988), Modern Law Review, Vol. 52, p. 1, 1989, Blackwell Publishing; also published in the Commonwealth Law Bulletin, Vol. 15, 598, under the title ‘Human Rights: Some Questions of Integrity’ 6. ‘Liberty of Movement within the Territory of a State: Th e Contribution of the Committee on Human Rights’, International Law at a Time of Perplexity—Essays in Honour of Shabtai Rosenne, (ed. Yoram Dinstein), 325–342, Th e Hague, Martinus Nijhoff , 1989, Permission to republish granted by Koninklijke Brill N.V. 7. ‘Th e Relationship Between International Law and Regional Human Rights Norms and Domestic Law’, Developing Human Rights Jurisprudence, Vol. 5, London, Commonwealth Secretariat, 1993 8. ‘Minority Rights: Discrepancies and Divergencies Between the International Covenant and the Council of Europe System’, Th e Dynamics of the Protection of Human Rights in Europe—Essays in Honour of Henry G. Schermers, (eds. Lawson & de Blois), Vol. III, 195–209, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff , 1994, Permission to republish granted by Koninklijke Brill N.V. RRhhiiggggiinnss vvoolluummee 11..iinnddbb xxxxii 11//1122//22000099 66::0044::2222 PPMM xxii Detailed Table of Contents and Copyright Acknowledgements 9. Foreword in Th e International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and United Kingdom Law, (eds. David Harris & Sarah Joseph), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1995 10. ‘Ten Years on the Human Rights Committee’, European Human Rights Law Review, No. 6, 570–582, Andover, Sweet & Maxwell, 1996, Permission to republish granted by Sweet & Maxwell 11. Introduction from Human Rights as General Norms and a State’s Right to Opt Out, Reservations and Objections to Human Rights Conventions, (ed. J.P. Gardner), London British Institute of International and Comparative Law, Human Rights Series, 1997 12. ‘Interim Measures for the Protection of Human Rights’, Politics, Values and Functions, International Law in the 21st Century, Essays in Honour of Professor Louis Henkin, (eds. Charney, Anton & O’Connell), 87–103, Th e Hague, Martinus Nijhoff , 1997; also published in Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 36, Nos. 1 & 2, 1997, Permission to republish granted by Koninklijke Brill N.V. 13. ‘Th e Role of Domestic Courts in the Enforcement of International Human Rights: Th e United Kingdom’, Enforcing International Human Rights in Domestic Courts, Part II, (eds. Conforti & Francioni), 37–58, Th e Hague, Martinus Nijhoff , 1997, Permission to republish granted by Koninklijke Brill N.V. 14. ‘Th e International Court of Justice and Human Rights’. International Law: Th eory and Practice: Essays in Honour of Eric Suy, (ed. K. Wellens), 691–705, Th e Hague, Martinus Nijhoff , 1998, Permission to republish granted by Koninklijke Brill N.V. 15. ‘Th e Continuing Universality of the Universal Declaration’, Innovation and Inspiration: Fifty Years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, (eds. Baehr, Flinterman, Senders), 17–26, Amsterdam, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1999 16. ‘Extradition, Th e Right to Life, and the Prohibition Against Cruel and Inhuman Punishment and Treatment: Similarities and Diff erences under the ECHR and the ICCPR’, Protecting Human Rights: Th e European Perspective—Studies in Memory of Rolv Ryssdal, (eds. Mahoney, Matscher, Petzold, Wildhaber), 605–615, Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne, 2000. Republished by kind permission of Carl Heymanns Verlag GmbH 17. ‘Dispersal and Coalesence in International Human Rights Law’, 2007 Anna Lindh Memorial Lecture, Lund University Hall, Lund, 3 October 2007 Part 6: International Petroleum Law 1. ‘Legal Preconditions of Foreign Investment’, Energy Law ‘86, Proceedings of the International Bar Association Seminar, Munich 1986, Reproduced RRhhiiggggiinnss vvoolluummee 11..iinnddbb xxxxiiii 11//1122//22000099 66::0044::2222 PPMM Detailed Table of Contents and Copyright Acknowledgements xxiii by kind permission of the International Bar Association, London, UK. © International Bar Association 2008 2. ‘Abandonment of Energy Sites and Structures: Relevant International Law’. Th is article was fi rst published in the Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, Vol. 11, pp. 6–16, 1993 and is reproduced by kind permission of the International Bar Association, London, UK. © International Bar Association 2008 3. ‘Natural Resources in the Case Law of the International Court’, International Law and Sustainable Development: Past Achievements and Future Challenges, (eds. Boyle & Freestone), Essays in Honour of Patricia Birnie, 87–111, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998 Part 7: General 1. ‘Legal Problems Arising from the Dissolution of the Mali Federation’, British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 36, pp. 375–384, 1960 (as Rosalyn Cohen). 2. ‘Th e International Court and South West Africa: Th e Implications of the Judgment’, International Aff airs, Vol. 42, No. 4, 573–599, London, Royal Institute of International Aff airs, 1966, Blackwell Publishing 3. ‘International Law and the Reasonable Need of Governments to Govern’, LSE Inaugural Lecture, London, London School of Economics, 1982 4. ‘Th e Legal Bases of Jurisdiction’, Extraterritorial Application of Laws and Responses Th ereto, (ed. Olmstead), 3–14, Oxford, International Law Association in association with ESC Publishing Ltd, 1984, reproduced by permission of the International Law Association 5. ‘United Kingdom’, Th e Eff ect of Treaties in Domestic Law, Vol. 7 (eds. Jacobs & Roberts), London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1987, Permission to republish granted by Sweet & Maxwell 6. ‘Postmodern Tribalism and the Right to Secession, Comments’, in: Peoples and Minorities in International Law, (eds. Brohamn, Lefeber & Zieck), 29–35, Th e Hague, Martinus Nijhoff , 1993, Permission to republish granted by Koninklijke Brill N.V. 7. Report for Institut de Droit International, Th e Legal Consequences for Member States of the Non-fulfi lment by International Organizations of their Obligations Toward Th ird Parties, Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit International, Session de Lisbonne, Vol. 66-I, 1995 8. ‘Some Observations on the Inter-Temporal Rule in International Law’, Th eory of International Law at the Th reshold of the 21st Century—Essays in Honour of Krysztof Skubiszewski, (ed. Makarczyk), 173–181, Th e Hague, Kluwer Law International, 1997, Permission to republish granted by Koninklijke Brill N.V. 9. ‘Time and the Law: International Perspectives on an Old Problem’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 46, Part 3, 501–520 RRhhiiggggiinnss vvoolluummee 11..iinnddbb xxxxiiiiii 11//1122//22000099 66::0044::2233 PPMM