THE WRIGHT BROTHERS from Bicycles to Airplanes Civil Air Patrol, the Official Auxiliary of the United States Air Force Where Imagination Takes Flight! A single copy of this publication may be ordered from: HQ CAP/ET MAXWELL AFB, AL 36112-6332 THE WRIGHT BROTHERS from Bicycles to Airplanes Edited by Judy Stone Layout and Graphics by Peggy Greenlee Published September 2002 by National Headquarters Civil Air Patrol Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Contents.............................................................................................................................................. ii 2. Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................... iv 3. Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 1 4. Teaching Tips...................................................................................................................................... 2 5. Student Record Sheet......................................................................................................................... 4 6. Wright Brothers Background Information............................................................................................ 5 7. Task #1 - Art + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 13 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 15 8. Task #2 - Science and Mathematics + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 16 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 19 9. Task #3 - Art + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 21 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 23 10. Task #4 - Language Arts andCareers + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 25 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 27 11. Task #5 - Geography + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 28 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 29 12. Task #6 - Social Studies and Language Arts + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 30 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 32 13. Task #7 - Health + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 33 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 35 14. Task #8 - Language and Art + Teacher Lesson Plan..........................................................................................................36 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 38 15. Task #9 - Language Arts + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 39 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 40 16. Task #10 - Language Arts + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 41 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 43 17. Task #11 - Mathematics + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 44 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 46 18. Task #12 - Mathematics + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 48 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 50 19. Task #13 - Social Studies and Economics + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 52 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 53 20. Task # 14 - Music and Language Arts + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 55 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 57 21. Task # 15 - Physical Education and Language Arts + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 58 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 60 22. Task # 16 - Reading + Teacher Lesson Plan.......................................................................................................... 61 + Student Information............................................................................................................. 63 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 23. Task # 17 -Science + Teacher Lesson Plan...........................................................................................................64 + Student Information.............................................................................................................66 24. Task # 18 - Language Arts + Teacher Lesson Plan...........................................................................................................67 + Student Information.............................................................................................................69 25. Task # 19 - Science + Teacher Lesson Plan...........................................................................................................71 + Student Information.............................................................................................................73 26. Evaluation Techniques and/or Answers to Tasks.........................................................................75 27. Wright Brothers Test Key.................................................................................................................78 28. Wright Brothers Test........................................................................................................................79 29 Achievement Award..................................................................................................Inside back cover iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank the many experts at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) who share our commitment to aerospace education and whose information, ideas, and activities are incorporated in this thematic unit. We would also like to thank Dr. Ann Walko, Judy Stone, Peggy Greenlee, and the following talented education students from Kean University, Union, New Jersey, who revised our old Wright Brothers packet and prepared it for the Centennial of the Wright Brothers' great accomplishment: Older Azard, B. Patty Bruno, Carl J. Buffalino, Karen Carlson, Michele Chizzoniti, Kendra Colburn, Jennifer Dunlop, Jodi Frohnapfel, Kathleen Hauser, Sylvia Leon, Julie Liloia, Debra Loprete, Jennifer Lorenzo, Kamila Miazio, Lauren Murphy, Valley Nash, Noemi Natal-Villegas, Miquel Orejas, Kelly A. Rappa, Alicia Ribeca, Andrea Romano, Saundra Sharp-Conte, Carol Sibilia, Jacqui Swanson, Rosaria Taglialavore, and Donna Wozniak. iv INTRODUCTION Since World War II, there has been a need to provide classroom teachers with materials to aid them in teaching about the aerospace world. Aerospace personalities (the people who moved us from Kitty Hawk to the International Space Station) is one such area. The feats of individuals making history in this or in any other field are often, at best, misunderstood and, at worst, forgotten after achieving their first notoriety. This thematic unit contains information about the Wright Brothers. We want this unit to point out certain facts to develop an understanding of the Wright Brothers' contributions in the field of manned flight in a heavier-than-air machine. The Wright Brothers succeeded in controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flight because of a combination of factors. 1899 Wright Kite Drawings First, they had access to the knowledge gained by others before them; second, the first practical power plant, the gasoline engine, had been developed; and finally, they were highly creative, possessed outstanding mechanical aptitude, and were endowed with a great deal of personal integrity. They approached the task of manned flight in a methodical, scientific manner. Using wind tunnels and unmanned flight tests, they developed the first controlled flying aircraft. Then they added a power plant of their own design. The result was the Flyer, changing mankind from a two- dimensional creature to three dimensions. The world has never been the same. Wilbur and Orville's contributions didn't stop there. They provided an inspiration to airmen throughout the world and remained active in aviation for the rest of their lives. Understanding any subject requires a knowledge of the terminology and structure associated with the subject. A background of the subject's origin and subsequent development is also required. This unit on the Wright Brothers provides information in narrative form, and students will experience reinforcement of their knowledge as they complete the various activities and study the accompanying visual displays. We have compiled this thematic unit to incorporate across the curriculum disciplines with corresponding National Content Standards. Included are background information, teacher lesson plans, student information for each activity, a section with examples of how to evaluate, and/or answer each activity, and a unit test with answer key. This unit may be used in its entirety for a portfolio assessment or individual activities may be selected at random and evaluated by rubric or other method of assessment. The optional test can be used as a pretest and/or posttest for the unit. Each activity may be used for a total class lesson, or by small groups in a learning center, or by individual students. Although developed for the middle school, this material can be adapted to upper elementary or high school students. This packet includes an aerospace education achievement award with a dual signature line for leader signatures; a student record sheet; and posters for display. The record sheet may be used for portfolio contents and how, when, and by whom each activity was evaluated. Feel free to adapt this material to fit your specific situation and need. The purpose of this unit is to learn about the Wright Brothers and their contribution to the history of flight. To accomplish this, each activity urges creativity and provides information designed to emphasize National Content Standards. Subjects addressed include science, social studies, mathematics, language arts, careers, art, music, and physical education. Wilbur and Orville Wright 1 TEACHING TIPS PREPARATION: + To use tasks repeatedly, you may want to laminate them. + Provide materials and supplies in a designated place. + Display the enclosed posters (artwork) on a bulletin board where they will be visible and can serve as a source of information. + Laminate instruction information card that can be placed between the Student Information folder box and the box of student folders. The directions should read: 1. Take a task from the Student Information box. 2. Enter the date on your record sheet when you start the task. 3. After you have finished the task, enter the date on your record sheet. 4. Place your finished work in your folder. 5. Place the task back in the Student Information box. + Prepare a personalized folder for each student or let them design their own folder. + Provide a copy of the student record sheet for each student. PRESENTATION: + Introduce the material by using the background information. + Instruct the students on: ! The text. ! How to use the task sheets. ! Where the materials are located. + Instruct the students to select the task sheets in the order of their choice, (or in the order assigned by you). + Hand out personalized folders and copies of students' record sheet. ! Explain how to fill out the record sheets. ! Assign a location for the folders. + Administer the pretest before the students begin their activities. ! The test key is included. ! Record the scores on the students' record sheets. Note: If small groups will be doing the tasks, it is beneficial to have heterogeneous groups with a stronger reader assigned to a weaker reader. EVALUATION + Suggestions for assessment: ! Student Portfolio (the folders kept by each student). 2 ! Teacher Rubric (especially for group work). http://teachers.teachnology.com/webtools/ rubrics/ (a site for sample rubrics). Performance Grading ! Pre and Post Test + Go over assignments, and initial students' record sheets. + Meet with small groups to evaluate and schedule future plans (skits, etc.). + Administer the post test and record the scores on the students' record sheets. + Award certificates of achievement to students who have satisfactorily completed the activities given on the task sheets and who have shown a gain in knowledge of the Wright Brothers. LET'S GET STARTED! 3 Student Record Sheet THE WRIGHT BROTHERS: FROM BICYCLES TO AIRPLANES By Name ___________________________________________________________________ DATE DATE TEACHER TASK NUMBER STARTED FINISHED TEACHER COMMENTS INITIALS Task 1 - Art Task 2 - Science & Mathematics Task 3 - Art Task 4 - Language Arts and Careers Task 5 - Geography Task 6 - Social Studies and Language Arts Task 7 - Health Task 8 - Language and Art Task 9 - Language Arts Task 10 - Language Arts Task 11 - Mathematics Task 12 - Mathematics Task 13 - Social Studies and Economics Task 14 - Music and Language Arts Task 15 - Physical Education and Language Arts Task 16 - Reading Task 17 - Science Task 18 - Language Arts Task 19 - Science 4