The Wildlife Techniques Manual This page intentionally left blank The Wi ld l ife Tech n iques Ma nua l Research 7th edition volume 1 Edited by NOVA J. SILVY Published in Affiliation with The Wildlife Society THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS | Baltimore © 2012 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2012 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The wildlife techniques manual / edited by Nova J. Silvy.—7th ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Techniques for wildlife investigations and management / edited by Clait E. Braun. 6th ed. Bethesda, Md. : Wildlife Society, 2005. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-0159-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4214-0159-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Wildlife management. 2. Wildlife research—Technique. I. Silvy, Nova J. II. Techniques for wildlife investigations and management. SK355.R47 2012 639.9—dc23 2011013720 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410-516-6936 or [email protected]. The Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 percent post-consumer waste, whenever possible. CONTENTS List of Contributors vii Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Design and Analytical Techniques 1 Research and Experimental Design 1 edward o. garton, jon s. horne, jocelyn l. aycrigg, and john t. ratti 2 Management and Analysis of Wildlife Biology Data 41 bret a. collier and thomas w. schwertner Capture and Handling Techniques 3 Capturing and Handling Wild Animals 64 sanford d. schemnitz, gordon r. batcheller, matthew j. lovallo, h. bryant white, and michael w. fall 4 Wildlife Chemical Immobilization 118 terry j. kreeger 5 Use of Dogs in Wildlife Research and Management 140 david k. dahlgren, r. dwayne elmore, deborah a. smith, aimee hurt, edward b. arnett, and john w. connelly vi contents 6 Identifying and Handling Contaminant-Related Measuring Wildlife Habitat Wildlife Mortality or Morbidity 154 steven r. sheffield, joseph p. sullivan, 16 Vegetation Sampling and Measurement 381 and elwood f. hill kenneth f. higgins, kurt j. jenkins, gary k. clambey, daniel w. uresk, 7 Wildlife Health and Disease: Surveillance, david e. naugle, robert w. klaver, Investigation, and Management 181 jack e. norland, kent c. jensen, markus j. peterson and pamela j. ferro and william t. barker Identification and Marking Techniques 17 Modeling Vertebrate Use of Terrestrial Resources 410 8 Criteria for Determining Sex and Age of Birds lyman l. mcdonald, wallace p. erickson, and Mammals 207 mark s. boyce, and j. richard alldredge eddie k. lyons, michael a. schroeder, and leslie a. robb 18 Application of Spatial Technologies in Wildlife Biology 429 9 Techniques for Marking Wildlife 230 thomas a. o’neil, pete bettinger, nova j. silvy, roel r. lopez, bruce g. marcot, warren b. cohen, and markus j. peterson oriane taft, richard ash, howard bruner, cory langhoff, jennifer a. carlino, 10 Wildlife Radiotelemetry and Remote vivian hutchison, robert e. kennedy, Monitoring 258 and zhiqiang yang joshua j. millspaugh, dylan c. kesler, roland w. kays, robert a. gitzen, Research on Individual Animals john h. schulz, christopher t. rota, catherine m. bodinof, jerrold l. belant, 19 Animal Behavior 462 and barbara j. keller jessica r. young Measuring Animal Abundance 20 Analysis of Radiotelemetry Data 480 joshua j. millspaugh, robert a. gitzen, 11 Estimating Animal Abundance 284 jerrold l. belant, roland w. kays, brian l. pierce, roel r. lopez, barbara j. keller, dylan c. kesler, and nova j. silvy christopher t. rota, john h. schulz, and catherine m. bodinof 12 Use of Remote Cameras in Wildlife Ecology 311 21 Reproduction and Hormones 502 shawn l. locke, israel d. parker, john d. harder and roel r. lopez 22 Conservation Genetics and Molecular Ecology 13 Radar Techniques for Wildlife Research 319 in Wildlife Management 526 ronald p. larkin and robert h. diehl sara j. oyler-mccance and paul l. leberg 14 Invertebrate Sampling Methods for Use Literature Cited 547 in Wildlife Studies 336 Index 653 therese a. catanach 15 Population Analysis in Wildlife Biology 349 stephen j. dinsmore and douglas h. johnson CONTRIBUTORS J. Richard Alldredge Department of Statistics Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164 USA Edward B. Arnett Bat Conservation International P.O. Box 162603 Austin, TX 78716 USA Richard Ash 2006 NW Brownly Heights Drive Corvallis, OR 97330 USA Jocelyn L. Aycrigg National Gap Analysis Program Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources University of Idaho Moscow, ID 83844-4408 USA William T. Barker 3419 Par Street, NE Fargo, ND 58102 USA Gordon R. Batcheller Division of Fish, Wildlife & Marine Resources New York State 625 Broadway Albany, NY 12233-4754 USA viii contributors Jerrold L. Belant Warren B. Cohen Michael W. Fall Forest and Wildlife Research Pacific Northwest Research Station Wildlife Research Center Center U.S. Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Mississippi State University Department of Agriculture 4101 LaPorte Avenue Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA 3200 SW Jefferson Way Ft. Collins, CO 80521-2154 USA Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Pete Bettinger Pamela J. Ferro Warnell School of Forest Bret A. Collier 247-6E Cloverhurst Avenue Resources Institute of Renewable Natural Athens, GA 30695 USA University of Georgia Resources Athens, GA 30602 USA Texas A&M University Edward O. Garton College Station, TX 77846-2260 Fish and Wildlife Resources & Catherine M. Bodinof USA Statistics Departments Department of Fisheries and University of Idaho John W. Connelly Wildlife Sciences Moscow, ID 83844-1136 USA Idaho Department of Fish and University of Missouri Game Columbia, MO 65211 USA Robert A. Gitzen 1345 Barton Road Department of Fisheries and Pocatello, ID 83204 USA Mark S. Boyce Wildlife Sciences Department of Biological University of Missouri David K. Dahlgren Sciences Columbia, MO 65211 USA Kansas Department of Wildlife University of Alberta and Parks Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada John D. Harder Office: Region 1 Department of Evolution, Ecology 1426 U.S. 183 Bypass Howard Bruner & Organismal Biology Hays, KS 67601-0338 USA Western Ecology Division 392 Aronoff Laboratory Dynamac Corporation 318 West 12th Avenue Robert H. Diehl 200 SW 35th Street Ohio State University Department of Biological Sciences Corvallis, OR 97333 USA Columbus, OH 43210 USA University of Southern Mississippi 118 College Drive [5018] Jennifer A. Carlino Kenneth F. Higgins Hattiesburg, MS 39406-0001 USA Center for Biological Box 2140B Informatics Stephen J. Dinsmore Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences U.S. Geological Survey Department of Natural Resource South Dakota State University Denver Federal Center Ecology & Management Brookings, SD 57007-1696 USA P.O. Box 25046, MS 302 Iowa State University Denver, CO 80225 USA 339 Science II Elwood F. Hill Ames, IA 50011 USA P.O. Box 1615 Therese A. Catanach Gardnerville, NV 89410 USA Program in Ecology, Evolution, R. Dwayne Elmore and Conservation Department of Natural Resource Jon S. Horne University of Illinois Ecology and Management Department of Fish and Wildlife Urbana-Champaign 008 C Ag Hall Resources Urbana, IL 61801 USA Oklahoma State University University of Idaho Stillwater, OK 74078-6013 USA Moscow, ID 83844-1136 USA Gary K. Clambey Department of Biological Wallace P. Erikson Aimee Hurt Sciences Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. Working Dogs for Conservation North Dakota State University 2003 Central Avenue 609 Phillips Street Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA Missoula, MT 59802 USA contributors ix Vivian Hutchison Robert W. Klaver Bruce G. Marcot Center for Biological Informatics U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Northwest Research Station U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and U.S. Forest Service Denver Federal Center Science Center (EROS) Department of Agriculture P.O. Box 25046, MS 302 47914 252nd Street 620 SW Main St. Denver, CO 80225 USA Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA Portland OR 97205 USA Kurt J. Jenkins Terry J. Kreeger Lyman L. McDonald USGS Forest and Rangeland Veterinary Services Branch Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. Ecosystem Science Center Wyoming Game and Fish 2003 Central Avenue 600 E. Park Avenue Department Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA 2362 Highway 34 Wheatland, WY 82201 USA Joshua J. Millspaugh Department of Fisheries and Kent C. Jensen Cory Langhoff Wildlife Sciences Department of Wildlife and Northwest Habitat Institute University of Missouri Fisheries Sciences P.O. Box 855 Columbia, MO 65211 USA SPB 138D, Box 2140B Corvallis, OR 97339 USA South Dakota State University David E. Naugle Brookings, SD 57007 USA Ronald P. Larkin Wildlife Biology Program Illinois Natural History Survey FOR 309 Douglas H. Johnson 1816 S. Oak Street 32 Campus Drive U.S. Geological Survey Champaign, IL 61820 USA University of Montana Northern Prairie Wildlife Missoula, MT 59812 USA Research Center Paul L. Leberg 204 Hodson Hall P.O. Box 42451 Jack E. Norland University of Minnesota Lafayette, LA 70504 USA School of Natural Resource Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA Sciences Shawn L. Locke North Dakota State University Roland W. Kays Department of Wildlife and Fargo, ND 58108 USA New York State Museum Fisheries Sciences Albany, NY 12230 USA Texas A&M University Thomas A. O’Neil College Station, TX 77843-2258 USA Northwest Habitat Institute Barbara J. Keller P.O. Box 855 Department of Fisheries and Roel R. Lopez Corvallis, OR 97339 USA Wildlife Sciences Texas A&M Institute of Renewable University of Missouri Natural Resources Sara J. Oyler-McCance Columbia, MO 65211 USA 2632 Broadway, Suite 301 South 2150 Centre Ave, Building C San Antonio, TX 78215 USA Fort Collins, CO 80526 USA Robert E. Kennedy Department of Forest Ecosystems Matthew J. Lovallo Israel D. Parker and Society Pennsylvania Game Commission Department of Wildlife and Oregon State University 752 Lower George’s Valley Road Fisheries Sciences 321 Richardson Hall Spring Mills, PA 16875 USA Texas A&M University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA College Station, TX 77843-2258 USA Eddie K. Lyons Dylan C. Kesler Harold and Pearl Dripps Markus J. Peterson Department of Fisheries and Department of Agricultural Department of Wildlife and Wildlife Sciences Sciences Fisheries Sciences University of Missouri McNeese State University Texas A&M University Columbia, MO 65211 USA Lake Charles, LA 70609 USA College Station, TX 77843-2258 USA