FABRIZIO PREGADIO The Way of the Golden Elixir An Introduction to Taoist Alchemy GOLDEN ELIXIR PRESS The Way of the Golden Elixir An Introduction to Taoist Alchemy Fabrizio Pregadio Third Edition Golden Elixir Press Mountain View, CA www.goldenelixir.com • [email protected] First edition © Fabrizio Pregadio and Golden Elixir Press 2012 Second edition © Fabrizio Pregadio and Golden Elixir Press 2014 Third edition © Fabrizio Pregadio and Golden Elixir Press 2019 Words in bold are defined in the Glossary. Click or tap to read a definition. All external links in this e-book are secure links to the Golden Elixir website (www.goldenelixir.com). i CHAPTER 1 Introduction SECTION 1 Chinese alchemy has a history of more than two thou- sand years, recorded from the 2nd century BCE to the Waidan and Neidan present day. It is divided into two main branches, known as Waidan, or External Alchemy, and Neidan, or Internal Alchemy, which share part of their doc- trinal foundations but differ in the respective practices. Waidan (lit., “external elixir”), which arose earlier, is based on the compounding of elixirs through the heat- ing of natural substances in a crucible. Its texts consist of recipes, along with descriptions of ingredients, ritual rules, and passages concerned with the cosmological as- sociations of minerals, metals, instruments, and opera- tions. Neidan (lit., “internal elixir”) borrows a signifi- cant part of its vocabulary and imagery from its earlier counterpart, but aims to produce the elixir within the alchemist’s person according to two main models of doctrine and practice: first, by causing the primary components of the cosmos and the human being to re- vert to their original condition; and second, by purify- ing the mind from defilements and passions in order to “see one’s Nature.” Neidan texts cover a wider spec- trum of subjects compared to Waidan; at its ends are, on the one hand, teachings on the Dao and, on the other, descriptions of physiological practices. Fig. 1. Qian ☰ (right) and Kun ☷ (left), images of the male and female principles conjoined by the alchemist. 2 The main designations of the elixir are huandan, or Re- verted Elixir, and—especially in the “internal” bran- ch—jindan, or Golden Elixir. On the basis of this term, the authors of alchemical texts often call their tradition the Way of the Golden Elixir (jindan zhi dao). B D ASIC OCTRINES Neither alchemy as a whole, nor Waidan or Neidan in- dividually, constitutes a Taoist “school” with a definite canonical corpus and a single line of transmission. On the contrary, each of the two main branches displays a remarkable variety of doctrinal statements and forms of practice. Nevertheless, beyond its different formula- tions, the Way of the Golden Elixir is characterized by a foundation in doctrinal principles first set out in the founding texts of Taoism—especially the Daode jing, or Book of the Way and its Virtue—concerning the rela- tion between the Dao and the world. The cosmos as we Fig. 2. Chart of the Fire Phases (huohou). Each ring shows one know it is conceived of as the last stage in a series of of the sets of cosmological emblems used in alchemy and its transformations from Non-Being (wu) to Unity (yi), du- correspondences with the other sets. See a detailed description. ality (Yin and Yang), and finally multiplicity (wanwu, Yu Yan (1258–1314), Yiwai biezhuan (A Separate the “ten thousand things”). The alchemist intends to re- Transmission Outside the Book of Changes). trace this process backwards. The practice should be performed under close supervision of a master, who understand the processes that adepts perform with min- provides the “oral instructions” (koujue) necessary to erals and metals, or undergo within themselves. 3 In both Waidan and Neidan, the practice is variously Modern study of the Chinese alchemical literature be- said to grant transcendence (a state described by such gan in the past century, after the Canon was for the expressions as “joining with the Dao”), immortality first time reprinted and made widely available in 1926. (usually meant as a spiritual condition), longevity, heal- Among the main contributions in Western languages ing (either in a broad sense or with regard to specific ill- one may cite those by Joseph Needham (1900–95), Ho nesses), and—especially in Waidan—communication Peng Yoke (1926–2014), and Nathan Sivin for Waidan; with the deities of the celestial pantheon and protec- and Isabelle Robinet (1932–2000), Farzeen Baldrian- tion from spirits, demons, and other malignant enti- Hussein (1945–2009), and Catherine Despeux for Nei- ties. dan. T A C F R G E HE LCHEMICAL ORPUS URTHER EADINGS IN THE OLDEN LIXIR W EBSITE While historical and literary sources, including poetry, provide many relevant details, the main repository of General introductions to Taoist thought and religion: Chinese alchemical sources is the Taoist Canon (Dao- zang), the largest collection of Taoist works. About one • Daojia (Taoism; “Lineage[s] of the Way”) (Isabelle Robi- fifth of its 1,500 texts are closely related to the various net, from The Encyclopedia of Taoism) Waidan and Neidan traditions that developed until the • Daojiao (Taoism; Taoist teaching) (T.H. Barrett, from mid-15th century, when the present-day edition of The Encyclopedia of Taoism) Canon was compiled and printed. Several later texts, be- On the Daode jing (Book of the Way and Its Virtue), the longing to Neidan, are found in the Daozang jiyao (Es- text that Taoists place at the origins of their tradition: sentials of the Taoist Canon, originally compiled around 1800 and expanded in 1906), and many others • Laozi and the Daode jing (Fabrizio Pregadio, from the have been published in smaller collections or as inde- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) pendent works. On the Taoist Canon and other collections containing al- chemical tests: 4 • Daozang and Subsidiary Compilations (Judith M. Boltz, from The Encyclopedia of Taoism) General introduction to Chinese alchemy: • Jindan (Golden Elixir) (Fabrizio Pregadio, from The En- cyclopedia of Taoism) On Yin and Yang and their use in alchemy: • Yin and Yang • Yin and Yang in Internal Alchemy (Isabelle Robinet, from her The World Upside Down) 5 CHAPTER 2 Early Chinese Alchemy SECTION 2 From a historical point of view, nothing is known about the beginnings of alchemy in China. The early sources Origins of Waidan attribute doctrines and methods of Waidan to deities who first transmitted them to one another in the heav- ens and finally revealed them to humanity. Other re- cords consists of tales on the search of immortality, or of legends on a “medicine of deathlessness” found in the paradises of the Immortals. Several sources and studies have associated the origins of alchemy with the fangshi (“masters of methods”), a numerous and eclectic group of practitioners of differ- ent techniques who were often admitted to court by em- perors and local rulers during the Han dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) and later. Their main ar- eas of expertise were astrology, numerology, divina- tion, exorcism, and medicine. Although historical re- cords indicate that few fangshi were involved in mak- ing elixirs, one of them is associated with the first men- tion of alchemy in China. Around 133 BCE, Li Shaojun suggested to Emperor Wu of the Han that he should fol- low the example of the mythical Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), who had performed an alchemical method Fig. 3. An alchemical altar. at the beginning of human history. Li Shaojun said that Shangqing jiuzhen zhongjing neijue (Inner Instructions on the emperor should perform offerings to an alchemical the Central Book of the Nine Realized Ones of the Highest stove in order to summon supernatural beings, in Clarity). whose presence cinnabar would transmute itself into 7 gold. Eating and drinking from cups and dishes made Although this account shows that alchemy existed in of that gold would prolong the emperor’s life and en- China by the 2nd century BCE, it does not describe an able him to meet the Immortals. Then, after perform- actual method for making an elixir. Li Shaojun’s elixir, ing the major imperial ceremonies to Heaven and moreover, was not meant to be ingested but only to be Earth, the emperor would obtain immortality ➤ 2.1 used for making vessels. The earliest mention of elixir (see Pregadio, Great Clarity, 28–30). ingestion is found in the Yantie lun (Discussions on Salt and Iron), a work dating from ca. 60 BCE (see Pre- gadio, Great Clarity, 30–31). On the other hand, as we shall see in the next section, the ritual aspects involved 2.1 Li Shaojun’s method in Li Shaojun’s procedure continued to perform a ma- [Li] Shaojun told the emperor: “By making offerings to jor role in the later Waidan tradition. the stove, one can summon the supernatural beings (wu). If one summons them, cinnabar can be F R G E URTHER EADINGS IN THE OLDEN LIXIR transmuted into gold. When gold has been produced W and made into vessels for eating and drinking, one can EBSITE prolong one’s life. If one’s life is prolonged, one will be • The Elixir in External Alchemy (Waidan) able to meet the immortals of the Penglai Island in the midst of the sea. When one has seen them and has performed the Feng and Shan ceremonies, one will never die. The Yellow Emperor did just so . . . Thereupon the emperor for the first time personally made offerings to the stove. He sent several fangshi to the sea to search for Penglai and for those like Master Anqi, and also occupied himself with the transmutation of cinnabar and other substances into gold. Shiji (Records of the Historian), 28 8