The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Use of Ropes and Tackle, by H. J. Dana and W. A. Pearl This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: The Use of Ropes and Tackle Author: H. J. Dana W. A. 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If the unusual fraction occurs inside a table, then all fractions in that table retain the original format, for consistent appearance. Book Cover. MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON PULLMAN, WASHINGTON VOLUME IV DECEMBER, 1921 NUMBER 7 [1] The Use of Ropes and Tackle By H. J. DANA Specialist in Experimental Engineering and W. A. PEARL Instructor in Mechanical Engineering ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO. 8 Engineering Experiment Station H. V. CARPENTER, Director 1922 Entered as second-class matter September 5, 1919, at the postoffice at Pullman, Wash., under Act of Aug. 24, 1912 The ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION of the State College of Washington was established on the authority of the act passed by the first Legislature of the State of Washington, March 28th, 1890, which established a “State Agricultural College and School of Science”, and instructed its commission “to further the application of the principles of physical science to industrial pursuits.” The spirit of this act has been followed out for many years by the Engineering Staff, which has carried on experimental investigations and published the results in the form of bulletins. The first adoption of a definite program in Engineering research, with an appropriation for its maintenance, was made by the Board of Regents, June 21st, 1911. This was followed by later appropriations. In April, 1919, this department was officially designated, Engineering Experiment Station. The scope of the Engineering Experiment Station covers research in engineering problems of general interest to the citizens of the State of Washington. The work of the station is made available to the public through technical reports, popular bulletins, and public service. The last named includes tests and analyses of coal, tests and analyses of road materials, testing of commercial steam pipe coverings, calibration of electrical instruments, testing of strength of materials, efficiency studies in power plants, testing of hydraulic machinery, testing of small engines and motors, consultation with regard to theory and design of experimental apparatus, preliminary advice to inventors, etc. Requests for copies of the engineering bulletins and inquiries for information on engineering and industrial problems should be addressed to Director, The Engineering Experiment Station, State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington. The Control of the Engineering Experiment Station is vested in the Board of Regents of the State College of Washington. BOARD OF REGENTS Hon. Louis F. Hart, Governor of the State, Olympia R. C. McCroskey, Garfield Adam Duncan Dunn, Wapato Edwin A. Ritz, Walla Walla A. W. Davis, Spokane J. H. Hulbert, Mt. Vernon E. O. Holland, Secretary Ex-Officio, President State College Pullman ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF Director, H. V. Carpenter, B. S., M. S. Experimental Engineering, Homer J. Dana, B. S., M. S., M. E. Electrical Applications, Philip S. Biegler, B. S., M. S., E. E. Electrical Standardizations, Harry F. Lickey, B. S. Automotive Engineering Aschel C. Abell, B. S. Steam Engineering, A. R. Nottingham, M. M. E. Mechanical Design, E. B. Parker, B. S. Engineering Materials, G. Everett Thorton, B. S. Gas Power, William A. Pearl, B. S. [2] [3] Steam Power, Robert L. Rhoads, M. S. Mining Engineering, Louis O. Howard, A. B., M. E. Metallurgical Engineering, Chester G. Warfel, M. E. Economic Geology, Olaf P. Jenkins, A. B., A. M. Irrigation and Structures, Osmar L. Waller, Ph. B., Ph. M. Municipal Engineering, Morris K. Snyder, B. S. Highway Engineering, Howard E. Phelps, B. S., C. E. Topographical Engineering, Frederic W. Welch, B. S., C. E. Architectural Engineering, Rudolph Weaver, B. S. Agricultural Engineering, L. J. Smith, B. S. Physics, Brenton L. Steele, B. A., M. A. Chemical Engineering, Clare Chrisman Todd, B. S., Ph. D. ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 5 SOURCES OF MATERIAL 7 INTRODUCTION 8 KNOTS 9 SPLICES 25 HITCHES 28 LASHINGS 43 TACKLE SETS 45 HOISTS 53 TRANSMISSION CABLES 55 TEXTILE ROPE DATA 57 WIRE ROPE DATA 58 SPLICING TRANSMISSION CABLES 62 POWER TRANSMISSION TABLES 66 LIST OF ENGINEERING BULLETINS 68 [4] [5] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fastening Knots. 1. Over-hand knot. 2. Double knot. 3. Figure 8 knot. 4. Double Figure 8 knot. 5. Square knot. 6. Reef knot. 7. Sq. served or whipped knot. 8. Slipped Square knot. 9. Open-hand knot. 10. Granny knot. 11. Fisherman’s knot. 12. Ordinary knot. 13. Ordinary knot whipped. 14. Weaver’s knot. 15. Hawser knot, or Sheet Bend. 16. Double Sheet Bend. 17. Garrick Bend knot. 18. Half-hitch and whipping knot. 19. Slip knot. 20. Bowline knot. 21. Running Bowline knot. 22. Loop knot. 23. Tom-fool knot. 24. Boat knot. 25. Surgeon’s knot. 26. Bowline on the bight. 27. Spanish Bowline. 28. Flemish Bowline. 29. Hawser knot with toggle. Ending Knots. 30. Whipping. 31. Single Crown Tucked. 32. Wall knot Tucked. 33. Matthew Walker. 34. Double Wall or Crown knot. 35. Stevedore. 36. Chain knot. Shortening Knots. 37. Whipped Shortening. 38. Three fold shortening. 39. Sheepshank. 40. Sheepshank for free end rope. 41. Sheepshank with toggle. 42. Sheepshank ends whipped. 43. Bow Shortening. Splices. 44. Short Splice. 45. Eye Splice. 46. Long Splice. 47. Chain Splice. 48. Cut Splice. Hitches. 49. Half hitch. 50. Timber hitch. 51. Clove or Builder’s hitch. 52. Rolling Hitch (A). 53. Rolling Hitch (B). 54. Snubbing hitch. 55. Timber hitch and half-hitch. 56. Chain hitch. 57. Twist hitch. 58. Twist and bow hitch. 59. Blackwall hitch. 60. Lark’s head with toggle. 61. Round turn and half-hitch. 62. Fisherman’s hitch. 63. Cat’s paw hitch. 64. Slippery hitch. 65. Double Blackwall. 66. Slip knot and half-hitch. 67. Fisherman’s bend. 68. Taut line hitch. 69. Jam hitch. 70. Scaffold hitch. 71. Studding sail bend. 72. Midshipman’s hitch. 73. Bale sling. 74. Hamburger hitch. 75. Sling a cask head up. 76. Well pipe hitch. 77. Hackamore hitch. 78. Halter tie. 79. Horse hitch or tie. 80. Manger Tie. 81. Figure 8 Manger tie. 82. Harness hitch. 83. Strap hitch or line. 84. Clevis hitch. 85. Two-man Diamond hitch. 86. Two-man Diamond hitch. 87. Two-man Diamond hitch. 88. Packer’s knot. 89. One-man Diamond hitch. 90. One-man Diamond hitch. [6] 91. One-man Diamond hitch. 92. Two-man Diamond hitch. 93. Spar and Transom lashing. 94. Tripod lashing. Tackle Sets and Hoists. 95. Single Whip. 96. Running Tackle. 97. Gun Tackle (A). 98. Gun Tackle (B). 99. Whip on Whip. 100. Luff. 101. Port Tackle. 102. Double Luff. 103. Single Burton (A). 104. Single Burton (B). 105. Three Fold Purchase. 106. Four Fold Purchase. 107. Double Burton (A). 108. Double Burton (B). 109. Double Burton (C). 110. Double Burton (D). 111. Luff on Luff. 112. Double Burton (E). 113. Geared Chain Hoist. 114. Differential Chain hoist. 115. Chinese hoist or Capstan. 116. Snatch Block on Hay Rope. Transmission Cables. 117. Cable splice. 118. Cable Splice. 119. Cable Splice. 120. Cable Splice. 121. Cable Splice. 122. Splicing Tools. 123. Splicing Tools. [7] SOURCES OF MATERIAL In the compilation of this bulletin free use was made of the material given in the following books, bulletins, catalogs, etc. Knotting and Splicing Ropes and Cordage, Paul M. Hashuk—Cassel & Co., New York. Knots, A. F. Aldridge, The Rudder Pub. Co., New York. Knots, Splices, and Rope Work, A. Hyatt Verril,—Norman W. Henly Pub. Co., New York. Rope and its Use on the Farm, J. B. Frior—Ag. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 136, Univ. of Minn. Knots, Hitches and Splices, Howard W. Riley, Cornell Reading Courses, New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York. Story of Rope, Plymouth Cordage Co., North Plymouth, Mass. Rope Knots and Hitches, MacGreggor Smith, College of Agriculture, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Problems in Physics, War Department Committee on Education and Special Training, Washington, D. C. Kent’s Mechanical Engineers Hand Book, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Encyclopedia Britannica. Rope and Its Uses, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. American Wire Rope, American Steel and Wire Company. Boy Scout Manual. Engineer Field Manual, Fifth Edition, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Rope Work, L. M. Roehl, The Bruce Publishing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. R. O. T. C. Engineer. Columbia Knots and Splices, Columbia Rope Co., Auburn, New York. American Boy Magazine—July 1917. [8] INTRODUCTION Each year, old industries keep expanding and new ones are created. In many of these, the use of hoists, tackle, rope transmissions, etc. is ever increasing in extent and importance. Information on the selection and use of ropes and tackles and the tying of knots is very scattering and incomplete. The purpose of this bulletin is to collect information from all the different sources possible and assemble it under one cover, in the hope that it may be valuable to people in many different fields of activity. It is not meant to be an advanced treatise for those who consider themselves already proficient in the use of rope and tackle but is designed as an aid and reference to those less skilled in the art. A variety of knots and splices are shown with occasional suggestions as to their use and application. Some knots tie easily and are very secure but are not so easy to untie; others are easily and quickly tied—are secure and yet are not difficult to untie. Some knots are suitable for small cords only, and others are adapted to large ship’s hawsers. For these and other reasons, it is desirable to select the right knot for the job in hand. Nearly every individual at some time or other has gone camping. If he chanced to select a remote or inaccessible mountain side for a vacation trip, he probably had one or more pack animals to take in the supplies and camp outfit. How many could use the famous Diamond hitch to fasten the pack on the horse’s back so that it will not shift or fall off in transit? The desirability of correct selection with reference to the work to be done is also true of tackle sets. One type of tackle will give great mechanical advantage, but requires an excessive amount of rope or requires frequent overhauling to complete the job, while another type, using the same equipment, will not give such great mechanical advantage but does not require overhauling so often during the progress of the load. Rope is coming more and more into favor for the transmission of power—replacing gears and heavy leather belts. It is important that the proper sized sheave wheel be used with a rope of given diameter in order to secure the longest service from the transmission. It is also important that speed be considered in the calculation for necessary strength to transmit a certain amount of power. It is evident from these two instances alone that it is desirable that the selection of a rope transmission should be governed by the use of complete sets of data on the subject. Some of the knots, splices, etc. shown in this bulletin were found to have more than one name, or were called by different names by different authors. In such case only the most commonly used term was selected. [9] KNOTS A knowledge of knots has saved many a life in storm and wreck, and if everyone knew how to tie a knot quickly and securely there would be fewer casualties in hotel and similar fires where a false knot in the fire escape rope has slipped at the critical moment and plunged the victim to the ground. Many an accident has occurred through a knot or splice being improperly formed. Even in tying or roping a trunk, few people tie a knot that is secure and quickly made and yet readily undone. How many can tie a tow rope to a car so it will be secure and yet is easily untied after the car has been hauled out of the mud? Or suppose a rope was under strain holding a large timber in midair and a strand in the derrick guy rope shows signs of parting. How many could attach a rope each side of the weak spot to take the strain? The principle of a knot is that no two parts which lie adjacent shall travel in the same direction if the knot should slip. Knots are employed for several purposes, such as, to attach two rope ends together, to form an enlarged end on a rope, to shorten a rope without cutting it, or to attach a rope to another rope or object. Desirable features of knots are that they may be quickly tied, easily untied and will not slip under a strain. In a number of cases a toggle is used either to aid in making the knot or make it easier to untie after a strain has been applied. A number of terms are commonly used in tying knots. The “standing” part is the principal portion, or longest part of the rope. The “bight” is the part curved, looped or bent, while working or handling the rope in making a knot, and the “end” is that part used in forming the knot or hitch. The loose, or free end, of a rope should be knotted or whipped to prevent it from raveling while in use. Strength of Knots If a knot or hitch of any kind is tied in a rope its failure under stress is sure to occur at that place. Each fiber in the straight part of the rope takes its proper share of the load, but in all knots the rope is cramped or has a short bend, which throws an overload on those fibers that are on the outside of the bend and one fiber after another breaks until the rope is torn apart. The shorter the bend in the standing rope the weaker the knot. The approximate strength of several types of knots in percent, of full strength of a rope is given in the table below, as an average of four tests. 1. Full strength of dry rope 100% 2. Eye splice over an iron thimble 90% 3. Short splice in rope 80% 4. Timber hitch, round turn and half hitch 65% 5. Bowline, slip knot, clove hitch 60% 6. Square knot, weaver’s knot, sheet bend 50% 7. Flemish loop, over—hand knot 45% Fastening Knots Fig. 1. The over-hand knot is the simplest of all knots to make. It is made by passing the lose end of the rope over the standing part and back through the loop. Fig. 2. The Double knot is made by passing the free end of the rope through the loop twice instead of but once as in making an over-hand knot. This is used for shortening or for a stop on a rope, and is more easily untied than the over- hand knot. It is also known as a blood knot, from its use on whip lashes by slave drivers, etc. Fig. 3. The Figure Eight knot is similar to the over-hand knot except that the loose end of the rope is passed through the loop from the opposite side. It is commonly used to prevent a rope running through an eye or ring or tackle block. It is also used as the basis for ornamental knots, etc. Fig. 4. The Double Figure Eight knot is made by forming a regular figure eight and then following around with the end of the other rope as shown. Fig. 5. The Square knot is probably the commonest and most useful of all knots. It is strong and does not become jammed when being strained. Take the ends of the two ropes and pass the left end over and under the right end, then the right end over and under the left. Beware of the granny knot which is often mistaken for the square knot but is sure to slip under strain. Fig. 6. The Reef knot is a slight modification of the square knot. It consists merely of using the bight of the left or right end instead of the end itself, and is tied exactly as is the square knot. This makes the knot easy to untie by pulling the free end of the bight or loop. [10] [11] [12] Fig. 7. If the Square or reef knot is used to join two ropes of unequal diameter, the knot is apt to slip unless the ends of the rope are whipped as shown. Fig. 8. A Square knot joining two ropes of unequal size is apt to slip with a result similar to that shown. Fig. 9. The Open-hand knot is made by tying an over-hand knot with two rope ends lying parallel. It is better than a square knot for joining two ropes of unequal diameter. Grain binders use this knot. Fig. 10. The Granny knot is often mistaken for a square knot and its use should by all means be avoided as it is almost sure to slip when a strain is applied, unless the ends are whipped. For large rope, a granny knot with ends whipped will hold securely and is easy to untie. Fig. 11. The Fisherman’s knot is a simple type of knot formed by two simple over-hand knots slipped over the standing parts of the two ropes, and drawn tight. It is valuable for anglers as the two lines may be drawn apart by merely pulling on the loose ends of the rope. Fig. 12. The Ordinary knot is used for fastening two heavy ropes together and is made by forming a simple knot with the end of one rope and then interlacing the other rope around it, as shown. Fig. 13. Whipping the two ends of an Ordinary knot makes it more secure. Fig. 14. The Weaver’s knot is used to join small lines or threads and is made by forming a bight in one rope, passing the end of the second rope around the bight, back over itself and through the bight. Weavers use this knot in tying broken threads. When pulled tight, both ends point backward, and do not catch when pulled thru the loom. Fig. 15. The Hawser knot or sheet bend is used for joining stiff or heavy ropes and is not to be confused with the weaver’s knot. It resembles the bowline, and is easily untied. Fig. 16. The Double Sheet Bend is similar to the Hawser knot and is useful for the same purposes. Fig. 17. The Garrick bend is commonly used for joining two heavy hawsers which are too stiff to bend easily. Fig. 18. Another method of joining stiff hawsers is to use the Half-hitch and whipping. This is a satisfactory method of making a joint to be used for a considerable time. Fig. 19. The Slip knot as shown is a knot with many uses. Fig. 20. The Bowline knot is useful for forming a loop on the end of a rope. It is used frequently by stockmen to tie a horse or cow so that they will not choke themselves. It is always secure and easily untied. Use this knot in tying a tow rope to a car. Fig. 21. The Running Bowline is used for the same purposes as the slip knot in Fig. 19, but is much more secure. It will always run freely on the standing part of the rope, and is easily untied. Fig. 22. A Loop knot is useful for making fast to the middle of a rope where the ends are not free. It will pull tight under strain, and is not easily untied. Fig. 23. The Tom-fool knot is formed in the middle of a rope and may be used for the same purpose as the loop knot, except in this case either standing part of the rope may be strained without the knot failing, or slipping. It can be used for holding hogs. Place one loop over the hog’s snout and hold onto one rope. Release by pulling other rope. Can also be used from the ground for releasing hoisting tackle which has been used on a flag pole or other tall object. Fig. 24. The Boat knot is formed by the aid of a toggle on a rope whose ends are not free, and is used for shortening or for stopping a ring on a taut line. Fig. 25. The Surgeon’s knot is a modified form of the square knot, and if used with smooth cord, as in tying bundles, it holds very securely. The object of the double twist is to make the knot easy to tie without holding with the end of the finger. Fig. 26. Bowline on the bight is easily made on the looped part of a rope which is double. It is used where a loop is [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] desired which will not pull tight or choke and is easily untied. May be used for casting harness for horses. Fig. 27. The Spanish Bowline is a knot which may be made in the middle of a long rope or in a bight at the end, and gives two single loops that may be thrown over two separate posts or both thrown over one. Either loop will hold without slipping and is easily untied. Fig. 28. The Flemish loop is similar to the Fisherman’s knot, Fig. 11, except that it is used for forming a loop on the end of a rope instead of joining two ropes. The loop or eye will not close up when strained. Fig. 29. The Hawser knot with toggle is formed exactly the same as the regular Hawser knot except that the toggle is inserted for the purpose of making it easy to loosen the knot after a strain has been applied. Ending Knots A group of knots somewhat different from those already described, are those used for ending ropes. Ending knots not only serve the purpose of giving a large end on the rope, but also take the place of whipping, in that they prevent the rope from unraveling. Sometimes an ending knot is also used for its ornamental value. Fig. 30. A Whipping applied as shown is employed for keeping loose ends from fraying or unraveling, where the use to which the rope is to be put will not permit of a knot on the end. Strong cord is used for whipping. In splicing ropes, the whipping is removed before the splice may be considered complete. Fig. 31. The Single Crown, tucked, makes the rope end but slightly larger than the standing part, and serves to prevent the strands from unraveling. This gives a neat appearing end. To make this type of knot, leave the ends long enough so they can be brought down and tucked under the strands of the standing part. After tucking them under the first strand, as shown, halve each strand and tuck it again under the next strand of the standing part and continue this until the ends are completely tucked the whole length, thus giving a gradual taper to the end of the rope and also giving a knot that will stand by itself. The single crown not tucked, is not a good ending for a rope. Fig. 32. The Wall knot is frequently used as an ending knot to prevent unraveling. It is very satisfactory where the rope does not need to pass through a block or hole which is but slightly larger than itself. The Wall knot may be tucked similar to the Crown and makes a very secure ending for a rope. For small ropes unlay the strands back, each three inches, and on larger ropes in proportion. Hold the rope in the left hand with the loose strands upward. With the right hand take the end of strand number one and bring it across the loose end in position with the thumb of the left hand, then take the rope, forming a loop and allowing the end to hang free. Hold strand number two and pass it under strand number one and hold it against the rope with the thumb of the left hand. Again with the right hand take strand number three and pass it under strand number two and up through the first loop formed. Then draw each of the strands gradually until the knot is tightened. Fig. 33. The Matthew Walker knot or Stopper knot is similar to the Wall knot except the ends are inserted through two loops instead of one as in the Wall knot. It can readily be made by loosely constructing the Wall knot as explained before and continuing as follows: pass the end number one through the loop with two, then end number two through the loop with three, and number three through the loop with one, then gradually tighten the knot by drawing in a little at a time on each strand. Fig. 34. The Double Wall or Crown knot is made exactly the same as the Single Crown or Wall knot, but instead of trimming off or tucking the ends in, they are carried around a second time, following the lay of the first as shown, and then the knot is pulled tight. When completed, the ends may be tucked in as was done in the Single Crown, or they may be trimmed off. Fig. 35. The Stevedore knot is similar to the Over-hand knot shown in Fig. 1, except that the end of the rope is served around the standing part two and half times before it is tucked through the bight. It is used where a knot is desired to keep the rope from running through a block or hole. Shortening Knots A third type of knots are those which are used where a rope is too long and where it is awkward to have the free ends hanging loose or where the ends are in use and the slack must be taken up in the middle of the rope. These are known as shortening knots. They are also sometimes used merely for ornament. [18] [19] [20] [21] Fig. 36. The Chain knot is frequently used for shortening and is made by forming a running loop, then drawing a bight of the rope through the loop, and a second bight through the first and so on until the rope has been shortened sufficiently. The free end should then be fastened by passing a toggle or the end of the rope through this last loop. To undo this shortening is very simple as all that is necessary is to either remove the toggle from the last loop or remove the end of the rope if it were used, and then pull on the free end until the knot is completely unraveled. Fig. 37. The Whipped Shortening or Bend Shortening is one of the most easily made and is well adapted to heavy ropes where a shortening must be made quickly and where it is not to withstand a heavy strain. Fig. 38. Three-fold Shortening is started by making an Over-hand knot and continuing to tuck the end through the loop three more times, and drawing tight. Fig. 39. The Sheep-shank or Dog-shank as it is sometimes called, is one of the most widely used of all shortenings. It is made in several forms but the first form shown, while adaptable to fairly stiff ropes, will not withstand much strain. It is used for shortening electric light cords. Fig. 40. Sheep-shank for free end rope is similar to the plain Sheep-shank except the free end of the rope is passed through the loop. This makes a secure shortening, but it can not be used where the ends of the rope are not free. Fig. 41. A Sheep-shank with toggle, is a plain Sheep-shank with the toggle inserted as shown, and makes the shortening as secure as that shown in Fig. 38. It is also easily untied. Fig. 42. Sheep-shank with ends whipped is the same as in a plain Sheep-shank except the loop is whipped to the standing part of the rope. This makes the shortening as secure as those shown in Fig. 38, and Fig. 39. Fig. 43. Bow-shortening is an ordinary knot in the middle of a rope in which a double bend has previously been made. It is not adapted to heavy ropes nor will it stand a heavy strain successfully. [22] [23] [24] [25] SPLICES In the use of ropes, occasion arises, many times, where it is necessary to join two ends together in such a way that the union is as strong as the rest of the rope and still not too large or irregular to pass through a hole or pulley block. Knots are unsuitable in that they will not pass through a block; they are unsightly, and usually are not as strong as the rest of the rope. The method of joining ropes to meet the above requirements is called splicing. There are two general types of rope splices known as the short splice and the long splice. Other applications of the former are made in the eye splice and the cut splice. The long splice is almost always used in splicing wire rope which runs through a block or over a sheave. Fig. 44. The Short-splice is made as follows: the two ends to be joined are untwisted for a few inches and the rope is whipped temporarily to prevent further unwinding. The end of each strand is also whipped temporarily to prevent unraveling. The strands may then be waxed if desired. The two rope ends are then locked together or “married” so that the strands from one end pass alternately between those from the other end. The strands from opposite sides are now in pairs. Take two strands from opposite sides as strands A and 1, tie a simple over-hand knot in its right hand form. Similarly with a right hand knot tie together the strands forming each of the pairs B and 2 and C and 3. Draw the knots tight, then pass each strand of the rope over the strand adjacent to it and under the next, coming out between two strands as at first. Repeat until the ends of the strands have been reached—leaving from half an inch to an inch and a half of ends hanging free so that when the rope is put under repeated strain for the first few days, the stretching of the splice will not pull the ends from under the last strand under which they were tucked. After a few days service the free ends may be safely trimmed even with the face of the rope. After the splice has been completed by tucking the ends as above, remove whipping on strands and lay the splice on the floor and roll it under the foot, or in the case of a large rope, pound it with a mallet to make it round and smooth. The appearance of the splice is improved if the strands are divided in half just before the last tuck is made, and one-half is cut off while the other half is used to complete the splice. This splice may also be made by simply laying the ropes together and then tucking them as above without first tying the simple Over-hand knots. A skilled workman frequently dispenses with the whipping in making a splice. Fig. 45. An Eye-splice is so much smaller and neater than a knotted eye in the end of a rope that it is much to be preferred to the latter. The Eye-splice is made similar to the short-splice except that the strands on the end of the rope are unlaid for the full length of the splice. The ends are tucked under, over and under, etc., the strands of the standing part of the rope. Stretch well and cut off the loose ends of the strands. Fig. 46. Long splice. If it is desired to unite two rope ends so that the splices will pass through a pulley as readily and smoothly as the rope itself, what is known as a Long splice is used. This is best suited as it does not cause an enlargement in the rope at the point where the splice is made. To make it, unlay the ends of two ropes to the length of at least five and a half times the circumference of the rope. Interlace the strands as for the Short splice. Unlay one strand and fill up the vacant space which it leaves with the strand next to it from the other rope end. Then turn the rope over and lay hold of the two next strands that will come opposite their respective lays. Unlay one, filling up the vacant space as before, with the other. Take one third out of each strand, knot the opposite one-thirds together and heave them well in place. Tuck all six ends once under adjacent strands and having stretched the splice well, cut off the ends. The ending of successive pairs should occur at intervals in the splice as shown, and not at the two ends as in the Short splice. Fig. 47. A Chain splice is used for splicing a rope into a chain end which is required to travel through a block or small opening. It is also sometimes used for making an ordinary eye in the end of a rope. Four or six strand rope lends itself more readily to this type of splice than does a three strand rope. To make a chain splice, unlay the strands more than for an eye splice, then unlay a little further one strand in a three strand rope, and two strands in a four strand rope. Bend the two parts together and tie an Over-hand knot so that the divided strands will lay together again. Continue to lay the ends in by passing them through the eye. When the eye has been completely laid up, the remaining ends should be tucked in the standing part of the rope as in a very short splice. This makes an eye which will not pull out even if the ends of the strands are only whipped without first tucking. It is especially valuable in forming smooth eyes in steel cable, without the use of clamps. In this case, however, the eye must be made considerably longer than in the case of hemp rope. Fig. 48. The Cut splice is formed similar to the Eye splice, except that the two rope ends are extended past each other and joined into the standing part of the ropes. This type of splice is frequently used to hold the rings in rope ladders. It can also be used where it is desired to attach a spar or rod to the middle of a line. [26] [27] [28] HITCHES The knots so far described are used mainly for fastening rope ends together or for ending a rope. A quite different class of knots is that used for fastening a rope to a stationary or solid object. This type of knots is known as hitches. Hitches as well as other types of knots should be easily made, should not slip under strains and should be easily untied. If all ropes were the same size and stiffness it would be possible to select two or three knots which would meet all requirements. But, since this is not true and since a knot suitable for a silken fish line will not be satisfactory for a ship’s hawser, we find a great variety of knots, each of which is designed to meet some special requirements of service. The following illustrations show a variety of the most typical and useful knots used on fiber or manila rope. Fig. 49. The Half-hitch is good only for temporary fastenings where pull is continuous. It is usually used as part of a more elaborate hitch. Fig. 50. The Timber-hitch is very similar to the Half-hitch but is much more permanent and secure. Instead of the end being passed under the standing part once it is wound around the standing part three or four times as shown. Fig. 51. The Clove, or Builder’s-hitch, is more secure than either of the above hitches. It will hold fast on a smooth timber and is used extensively by builders for fastening the staging to upright posts. It will hold without slipping on wet timber. It is also used to make the scaffold hitch. Fig. 52. The Rolling-hitch is made by wrapping the rope three or four times around the object to which it is to be fastened and then making two half-hitches around the standing part of the rope. It is then drawn tight. This hitch is easily and quickly made and is very secure. Fig. 53. This illustrates another type of Rolling-hitch very similar to the above but which is not as secure under a heavy strain. Fig. 54. The Snubbing-hitch is made by passing the rope around the object to which it is desired to fasten it, and then making what is known as a Taut-line hitch, Figure 68, about the standing part of the rope. Fig. 55. Timber-hitch and Half-hitch is a combination of the two separate hitches shown in Fig. 49 and Fig 50. It is more secure than either used alone. Fig. 56. The Chain-hitch is a combination of the above hitch and two or more half-hitches. It is used for hauling in a larger rope or cable with a tow line, etc. Fig. 57. The Twist-hitch is more secure than the Half-hitch and it is suitable only where the strain is continuous. Fig. 58. Twist-and-bow-hitch is similar to the Simple Twist-hitch but is easier to untie. Fig. 59. The Blackwall-hitch is widely used as illustrated. The greater the strain the more securely it holds, but it is unreliable if the rope is slack. This hitch can be used with chain as well as rope. Fig. 60. The Lark’s-head with toggle is easily made and is used as a rule where it is desired to have a type of hitch which is easily and quickly released. Fig. 61. Round-turn-and-half-hitch is suitable for a more or less permanent method of attaching a rope to a ring. Whipping the end to the standing part of the rope makes it quite permanent. Fig. 62. The Fisherman’s hitch is used for fastening large ropes or lines to rings and is very similar to the hitch shown in Fig. 61. It is improved by whipping the free end to the standing part. Fig. 63. The Cat’s-paw-hitch is suitable for attaching a hook to the middle part of a rope where the ends are not free. Strain may be taken on either or both ends. It is easily released. Fig. 64. The Slippery-hitch is easily made, but has the objection that it draws very tight under strain, making it hard to untie. Fig. 65. The Double Blackwall is similar to the Single Blackwall and is used for the same purpose. Fig. 66. The Slip Knot and Half-hitch constitute a combination that is used for the same purpose as the Flemish [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] loop. It is made by first tying a slip knot so that it will run on the short end of the rope. Then complete by tying a half hitch with the short end as shown. Fig. 67. The Fisherman’s-bend is similar to the Fisherman’s-hitch except that the half hitches are replaced with whipping. Fig. 68. A Taut-line-hitch is used for attaching a rope to another rope already under strain, where no slack is available for making any other hitch. It is not secure unless pulled very tight. A few threads of hemp or marlin served about the taut line for the knot to pull against will improve the hitch. Fig. 69. The Jam Hitch is used in tying up light packages, such as bundles of lath, small boxes, rolls of paper, and the like. It is a hitch that will slide along a cord in one direction, but will jam and hold against moving the other way and will be found exceedingly convenient. The Jam Hitch will answer the requirements provided the cord is large enough and of not too hard a body nor too smooth a surface. Fig. 70. The Scaffold-hitch is very useful for slinging a scaffold so that it will not turn in the sling. It is started by making a Clove hitch with the two free ends of the rope below the scaffold. Then draw each rope back on itself and up over opposite sides of the board, where the short end is joined to the other with a bowline. Plenty of slack in the Clove will make it possible to draw the bight of each end out to the edge of the scaffold as shown in the left of the figure. The two illustrations at the right of the figure show another method of making a Scaffold hitch. Wrap the rope around the scaffold plank so that it crosses the top of the plank three times. Pull the middle loop as shown by the arrow and fold it down over the end of the plank, resulting as shown in the illustration immediately to the left of the arrow. This is completed by attaching the free end to the standing part with a bowline. Both hitches are equally good. Fig. 71. The Studding-sail-bend is frequently employed on shipboard for attaching a rope or line to a spar. Fig. 72. The Midshipman’s-hitch is somewhat similar to the Snubbing hitch shown in Figure 54, but is perhaps a little easier to make if the rope is under a strain while being tied. Fig. 73. A Bale-sling as shown is useful where it is necessary to hoist an object to which it is difficult to attach the hoisting tackle. It may be used on bales, sacks, kegs, etc. Fig. 74. The Hamburger hitch is useful in connection with a bale sling which is too long for the object it is carrying. It is also used to balance the load where two slings are used. The sling is placed around the load as in Fig. 73. Then with the loop end of the sling form a second loop as shown. Where the two ropes cross start to tie a square or Reef knot. Draw up the loops as shown, resulting in the Hamburger hitch. This may be adjusted by running the knot up or down the rope while slack, but it will not slip under strain. Fig. 75. Sling for a cask, head up, is very useful where it is desired to hoist an open barrel of water or lime or other material. Tie an ordinary knot over the barrel lengthwise. Then separate the two ropes in the middle of the twisted part and drop them over the head of the cask or barrel. Fasten the two rope ends together above the barrel as shown with a bowline. Fig. 76. A Well Pipe Hitch is used in hoisting pipe, where no special clamp is available for attaching the hoisting tackle to the pipe. The hitch shown will pull tighter, the harder the strain, and is also easy to untie. Pull up all slack possible in the coils when forming the hitch, in order to prevent slipping when the strain is first applied. Fig. 77. The Hackamore hitch is commonly known and used as an emergency rope bridle or halter, in the western part of the United States. Among sailors it is known as a running turk’s head, and it may be used in carrying a jug or other vessel of similar shape. When used for a halter about twenty feet will be required. The knot is started by forming a bight in the center of the rope. Proceed as indicated in the successive illustrations shown. The result will be a running turk’s head. Draw together the two center ropes forming a bridle complete with bit, nose piece, head piece and reins. Such a bridle is not suitable for continuous use, to be sure, but it will be found useful in an emergency. Fig. 78. The Halter Tie is a knot preferred by some persons for use in hitching or in tying the halter rope in the stall. If properly set, it is secure and may be used in some cases in place of the underhand bowline knot. The halter tie should never be used around a horse’s neck, because if the tie is not set up correctly it forms a slip knot and its use might result in strangulation of the animal. In completing the tie draw the end through and set the knot by pulling first on the short end. This is important. If the long rope is pulled first and the kinks in it are straightened out, the tie forms a slip knot, being simply two half hitches around the rope. Fig. 79. Horse-hitch or tie is commonly used by farmers and stockmen to tie a horse or cow with a rope, so it will not choke itself. Tie an overhand knot in the standing part of the rope and leave open. Tie another overhand knot or a [34] [35] [36] [37]