Sudan Academy of Science SAS The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques With Special Emphasis on The Use of Arc Hydro Data Model Characterizing Atbara River Watershed Mohammed Hassan Mohammed Adam Sudan Academy of Science SAS Council of Engineering Research & Industrial Techniques M.Sc in Groundwater technology The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques With Special Emphasis on The Use of Arc Hydro Data Model in Characterizing Atbara River Watershed By: Mohammed Hassan Mohammed Adam B.S.c: Geology- Faculty of Science and Technology- Omdurman Islamic University 2006 A thesis submitted to the Sudan Academy of Science in partial fulfilment of requirement for Master Degree in Groundwater Technology Supervisor: Dr. Ibrahim Ahmed Ali Babikir November - 2010 Dedication To my family, indeed friends and all people know me. I Acknowledgment I would like to send my deep thanks and express my best gratitude to many people for their help, inspire, motivate and support me, that what make this research possible. With all may respect and save to every one his position, thanks very much chemical engineering department in university of science and technology, crew of Sudan Academy of Science SAS Council of Engineering Research & Industrial Techniques, all my teachers in the academy specially Dr. Mohammed Babeker, my supervisor Dr. Ibrahim Ahmed Ali Babikir, my pair Eman and all colleagues and friends in the academy. Also I would like to express my high appreciation for my Mother, father and my brother for their patience and support. II ABSTRACT Remote Sensing and GIS techniques were used successfully to establish hydrological information platform for Atbara sub-basin which drains from Ethiopia and Eretria to Sudan with entire area of about 224299 km2. The study area have strategic importance, for many reasons; rich in minerals wealth, agricultural resources, and endowed with a substantial amount of water resources but the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources is imbalanced. Remote Sensing and Digital elevation models (DEMs) are known to be very useful data sources for the Automated delineation of flow paths, sub watersheds and flow networks for hydrologic modeling and watershed characterization, landsat ETM+ 30 m and Digital Elevation Models SRTM 90m data used in this project, many digital image processing techniques used to enhanced images, interpretation and extracted information from satellite images by using ERDAS imagine, while ArcGIS and arc hydro tools were used to processing and extract information from DEMs, stream network and catchment delineation and creation of geodatabase. It is the main output of this project, Ready made GIS layers used to complete watershed characterizations view. The results of this research present in creation Arc hydro’data model, and many thematic maps for Atbara sub-basin characteristics. The use of remote sensing in this study give efficient qualitative and quantitative detailed information about geomorphologic features drainage patterns, addition to general overview for landcover and landuse. Moreover, the use of Digital Elevation Models in addition to the delineation of stream network and catchments give valuable information on the paleo-geography and paleo-climate of the study area. River network and watersheds delineations proved that El Gash River was once joining the Atbara River and it was a part of Nile basin system. This might indicate that the paleoclimatic conditions in the area were wet than the present. Geodatabase and Arc hydro data model arranged spatial data in relationship database provide quarry option for any information about study area. Although, Arc hydro tool provide time series analysis options, this thesis restricted the use of Arc Hydro tool to the descriptive part only. The created GIS geodatabase was used to produce various thematic maps, mainly for; geology, geomorphology, hydrography, landcover, landuse, population density, vegetation cover and rainfalls. Ill .A .xM-vtt djljLl) o^c-Ls (J-aC. dsLa^jl*-a]l -uku j .i*J ^jC- ^jl*-uiiui'^iI dlLijiJ i **' ^ w i. nl 4jjA<j .lie. (J^ill ^ i—u^ail (jljjjJI bjjjjlj Ijjjjjl (_j-o j.'l'k n <_£jll aji'hiC. dsli ^aJalxi t£j^a Y Y £ V » * ej jJlii 4-JLa^l <^LuwU a^iiac. (_pa ^LaJ tB^llaC. VI AjjLa Jjl^a (j^a 4_j U»-n.“' Laj 4jj.l*-a dllj^J (j^s Aj Lai 4_1a&I dAjUj 4j.an ^aLal ULjle. 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CiUUj sjtlS (JSjjj ^ djLaji*-all ^ji) Arc hydro ^ j j ^ j Arc tllLljl-S-al (j-a ^c. jlLl Aiklalb Galatia Aajl£-a 4-ajLt-a ^j\ QC- I Ajjl£-al j3jJ AS&Xc. djULull s^c-la frLiil ^jjjauJI (jl VI 4-ijLajJI CjUUjII (jj_)^j hydro tools C.LauV _J ^ ^ jj-a 4 a u .. /< GISJI 1 “ 'I ^~* ^j-a^^C. ^osJ Jj^ia (jfc Jajl^k oJlC. <■" L'^.l'll t4_ijlS^i ^Ua-aVI -LaSLaiJj ■ '*>I^V' ellV' xiadml _^jLli]| f' '->» 11 j-JJJ Jajl^)ik <4jjIj JI 4 a U i ^ IV List of contents Topic Page Abstract III IV List of Contents V List of Tables VIII List of Figures IX ABBREVIATIONS XIII Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Study Objectives 1 1.3 Brief introductions of remote sensing and GIS GIS. 2 1.3.1 Remote sensing 2 1.3.2 GIS 2 1.3.3 Arc Hydro 3 1.3.4 Geographic data model 3 1.3.4.1 Inventory approach 3 1.3.4.2 Behavioral approach 3 Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Nile Basin 5 2.2 The study area Location and General Description 7 2.2.1 Atbara sub-basin 7 2.2.2 El Gash River 10 2.3 Water Resources in Atbara sub-basin 13 2.4 Reservoirs on Atbara River 14 2.4.1 Tekeze Dam 14 V Topic page 2.4.2 Khashm El Grba Dam 16 Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Remote Sensing (RS) Data 18 3.2 Digital Elevation Data 21 3.3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Data 22 3.4 Stream Network Delineation from Remote Sensing Images 29 3.5 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Data Preparation 30 3.6 Automated Watershed and Stream Network Delineation 33 3.6.1 Flow direction grid 33 3.6.2 Flow accumulation grid 35 3.6.3 Stream definition and threshold drainage area 35 3.6.4 Catchment 35 3-7 Automated Watershed and Stream Network Delineation Tools 36 3.7.1 Arc Hydro Tools and Terrain Analysis 36 3.7.2 The Arc Hydro Tools and Work Procedure 36 3.7.3 Terrain Preprocessing 37 Chapter 4 Arc Hydro Data Model and Frame work 4.1 ArcGIS Hydro Data Model 43 4.2 Geodatabase Design 43 4.2.1 Hydrography 45 4.2.2 Drainage areas 46 4.2.3 Geometric Network 48 Chapter 5 Watershed characterization 5.1 Physical Characteristics 50 5.1.1 Geomorphology 50 VI Topic page 5.1.2 Topography 53 5.1.3 Hydrography 60 5.2 Geological Characteristics 70 5.3 Land cover and land use 73 5.4 Atbara sub-basin land cover in Sudan 75 Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations 6.1 Summary 89 6.2 Conclusion 89 6.3 Recommendation 90 References 91 VII List of Tables Table Page Table (3-1) landsat ETM + 19 Table (3-2) spatial reference properties 31 Table (5-1) Morphological parameters 59 Table (5-2a) Natural and Semi-Natural Terrestrial Vegetation 75 Table (5-2b) grass land 76 Table (5-2c) Cultivated and Managed Terrestrial Area 76 VIII