CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Political Studies Marie Pyrihová The Social Construction of a Nuclear Threat: The US Nuclear Disarmament Discourse, 1945 - 2014 Master Thesis Prague 2015 Author: Bc. Marie Pyrihová Supervisor: PhDr. Michal Smetana Year of defense: 2015 Bibliographic Citation PYRIHOVÁ, Marie (2015). The Social Construction of a Nuclear Threat: The US Nuclear Disarmament Discourse, 1945 - 2014. Prague, 2015. 211 p. Master thesis (Mgr.) Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Political Studies. Master thesis supervisor PhDr. Michal Smetana. Abstract Nuclear weapons remains in the security discourse of the United States for over 70 years. The threat of nuclear weapons changed its content several times since then. Our study examines how the nuclear threat was socially constructed and how different actors securitized the threat and to which purpose. Our Diploma thesis uses methodological framework of discourse analysis. We examine the political and social nuclear discourse in the U.S. along two levels of analysis: governmental level and nuclear disarmament level. The diploma thesis researches multiple governmental and societal sources in order to determine how different types of nuclear threat emerged within the discourse. Key words: Nuclear threat, securitization, nuclear weapons, nuclear proliferation, nuclear disarmament, ABM, security policy, the U.S. Number of characters with spaces: 410 393 characters. Bibliografický záznam PYRIHOVÁ, Marie (2015). The Social Construction of a Nuclear Threat: The US Nuclear Disarmament Discourse, 1945 - 2014. Prague, 2015. 211 s. Diplomová práce (Mgr.) Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut politologických studií. Vedoucí diplomové práce PhDr. Michal Smetana. Abstrakt Nukleární zbraně jsou součástí bezpečnostního diskurzu Spojených států Amerických po vice jak 70 let. Hrozba nukleárních zbraní se za tu dobu několikrát změnila. Naše studie zkoumá jak byla nukleární hrozba sociálně konstruovaná a jak různí aktéři sekuritizovali tuto hrozbu a za jakým účelem. Diplomová práce užívá metodologický rámec diskurzivní analýzy. Zkoumá politický a sociální nukleální diskurz v USA podél dvou linií analýzy: úroveň vládní a úroveň hnutí za nukleární odzbrojení Diplomová práce pracuje s mnoha vládními společenskovědními zdroji za účelem stanovení jak v rámci daného diskurzu různé typy nukleární hrozby vznikly. Klíčová slova Nukleární hrozba, sekuritizace, nukleární zbraně, nukleární proliferace, nukleární odzbrojení, ABM, bezpečnostní politika, USA Rozsah práce s mezerami: 410 393 znaků. Declaration 1. The author hereby declares that he compiled this thesis independently, using only the listed resources and literature. 2. The author hereby declares that this thesis was not used to obtain another title. 3. The author grants to Charles University permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Prague, 5 January 2015 Bc. Marie Pyrihová Prohlášení 1. Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci zpracoval/a samostatně a použil/a jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. 2. Prohlašuji, že práce nebyla využita k získání jiného titulu. 3. Souhlasím s tím, aby práce byla zpřístupněna pro studijní a výzkumné účely. V Praze dne 5. 1. 2015 Bc. Marie Pyrihová Acknowledgement I would like to thank my supervisor PhDr. Michal Smetana for his everlasting patience and advice. Institute of Political Studies Master Thesis 1. Introduction Our research focuses on nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament in particular. Nuclear disarmament covers both reduction and elimination of these weapons to the state of nuclear weapon-free world. Nuclear disarmament debate accompanies nuclear weapons since their origin and their first use in practice. The nature of this discourse has developed into various forms since then. At the beginning, the first aim of this movement was to reverse the course of development of nuclear weapons. By popular demonstrations which usually commemorated the suffering of Japan people, they pressured government officials to stop development of nuclear weapons. Subsequently, these demonstrations were followed by a whole new worldwide concern for a mankind survival. This pushed many pacifist organizations to adopt this nuclear disarmament agenda. Along with changing demands and motives of nuclear disarmament movement, reasoning and justification of the nuclear lobby about a right to possess nuclear weapons are changing as well. With the widening and broadening of the concept of security, and along with the changing nature of an international environment, this nuclear disarmament movement brought into focuses more and more topics. Several groups of this antinuclear movement began arguing that not only nuclear weapons, but also nuclear energy itself is a serious security threat to human mankind. They began increasing public awareness of nuclear dangers which includes also environmental concerns over a usage of nuclear energy. This development is being further bolstered by several accidents which occurred in nuclear power plants during several last decades. Nuclear disarmament and anti-nuclear debate are usually considered to share the same foundations, but they, in fact, differ significantly. Nuclear disarmament debate includes some very unique elements which leads our research to focus solely on disarmament debate. In the last decade, the nature of this threat changed considerably. In the U.S., the debate on nuclear disarmament is led not only by non-governmental organizations but also by governmental officials. Currently, U.S. president B. H. Obama plays the key role in shaping this discourse and pushing this disarmament agenda towards future nuclear arms reduction. There are many possible causes for that. Whether a threat of proliferation of nuclear weapons by terrorist organizations is real or not, it is undeniably one of many reasons standing behind recent nuclear disarmament efforts. 2. Research Question The aim of this diploma thesis is not to provide a detailed development of nuclear disarmament movement or describe a development of anti-nuclear efforts in U.S. This thesis focuses on a line of reasoning of both non-governmental groups and governmental officials in U.S. which are supporting the nuclear disarmament cause. We will make an attempt to trace down an agenda and a line of reasoning of nuclear disarmament discourse between 1945 and 2014. In our research we determine tendencies which stand behind this debate. In further reference to these tendencies, we answer our research question: How has the construction of the nuclear threat changed since 1945? This thesis addresses three central questions: 1) how the nuclear weapons have been stigmatized and a nuclear threat constructed; 2) which role has the disarmament movement played in the construction of the threat; and 3) how and with the help of which actors the nuclear threat evolved. Our thesis analyzes nuclear disarmament debate on two different levels, non-governmental and governmental. Nuclear disarmament discourse is constructed by several non- governmental groups and movements. Some of them are active locally and some are supporting their agenda on a global level. This nuclear disarmament movement raises public awareness of the existence of nuclear threat and urges political figures to take actions to create future without nuclear weapons. Current non-governmental groups promoting restrictions on or reduction of nuclear weapons or nuclear disarmament are for example Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Global Zero, Greenpeace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Mayors for Peace, International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, or Ploughshares Fund. One of the key initiatives, Nuclear Security Project, entails actions of the key actors including Sam Nunn, William Perry, Henry Kissinger and George Schultz. The second governmental level entails particular actions of individual political officials, governments and organizations. We examine how these units contributed to the construction of nuclear threat and how this perception evolved on this level since the start. For example, current U.S. government administration inclines to this trend of nuclear disarmament. However, we cannot determine if it was really in reaction to global disarmament movement or to which extent it is really a decision based on actual strategic interests of U.S. government. We take into account also impact of particular actions of international governmental organizations, however, they are not in the core of this level analysis. 3. Literature Review Current nuclear disarmament discourse is largely shaped by a debate between Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz (Sagan, Waltz: 1995) where both take the opposite standpoint. Waltz argues for a gradual spread of nuclear weapons which creates more stable international environment where states are less prone to miscalculation faults than otherwise. In this environment, where states are more careful due to the unacceptable high cost of miscalculation, nuclear weapons create mutual deterrence of states. On the other hand, Sagan defends the opposite point of view where existence of nuclear weapons is likely to create more instability. This unstable international environment leads to possible failures and accidents resulting in the nuclear war. According to Sagan, nuclear proliferation increases the possibility of the nuclear war and therefore nuclear abolition is desirable. On the basis of these joint questions thrives the public debate whether the nuclear disarmament is desirable and feasible and whether nuclear deterrence is indeed functional or rather imagined. However, the theory of nuclear deterrence is not in the center of our study. Another field of studies is focused on the power of norms and the process of creation of international norms. We take into account theories explaining the creation of international norms, especially theories of Richard Price, Kathryn Sikking, and Martha Finnemore. Work of Nina Tannenwald, who focuses on the phenomenon of nuclear taboo in U.S., is also a part of this normative discussion. Nina Tannenwald analyzes the phenomenon of non-use of nuclear weapons which serves as a significant element in answering the most intriguing question why nuclear weapons has not been used in conflict since 1945. A In our research we use the book Abolishing Nuclear Weapons: A Debate (Perkovich, Acton, eds.) which present the main challenges nuclear disarmament brings. The book Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement by Lawrence Wittner, who provided a detailed description of a development of nuclear disarmament movement, is also very valuable for the purpose of our analysis. He analyzes how this movement evolved and how government policies often reflect public opinion in this matter. We also use the book by Frank Barnaby How Nuclear Weapons Spread: Nuclear-Weapon