OSPREY ELITE SERIES MILITARY THE US MARINE CORPS SINCE 1945 LEE E RUSSELL ANDY CARROLL EDITOR: MARTIN WINDROW OSPREY ELITE SERIES zl MILITARY THE US MARINE CORPS SINCE 1945 Text by LEE E RUSSELL Colour plates by ANDY CARROLL First published in Great Britain in rgf~.l. by Acknowledgments - . ~s + n Osprey. ;m imprint of Reed (amsrmer Books Ltd. The author wishes to thank the following for their \Iichrlin Hors'. 81 Fulham Road, assistance in the preparation of this book: London St\.i tiRl; The personnel of the Marine Corps Public Affairs and our kLurd. Nit-Mourne. Singapore and Toronto Office in New York City, most especially, Gy, Sgt. Randy Bare and Gv. Sgt. William V. Brown; MSgt. ©Copyright itjfil Reed International Books Ltd. Reprinted tyli r, tt)lih, 19117. tg8`rl. tgllo. Icy-)2, IT13lnyicc Wyatt of the 2nd MARDIV-PAO. Camp I,ejeunc: SSgt. Fitzgerald of the Mobility and Logistics Division, 77 1 Allrights reserved. .Apat from any fair de;ding lot the ()pantie(); Mr. K. L. 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Enquiries shurld Frank Kerr of the Chosin Reservoir Veteran's Associ- Fra be addressed to the PiLIdi.hels. ation, The Chosin Few'; and special thanks to Mr. Jai) Severino Mendez, and to the krllowing `Post '45' By British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Marines: Chris DiAnge'lo, Michael Pahios, John Olsen, cho Russell, Lee E. Charles `Chuck' Haig, Paul R. Piazza, Dorothy Kretci gua The US Marine Corps since 1945. -;Osprey Colietti, Lt. Col. Harry T. Milne(Ret.) and Maj. Paul E. wot Elite series; 2) Sanders(Ret.), for their help. All opinions and con- am] I. United States. Marine Corps clusions are, however, the author's own. nex History two I. Title meg 359.9'6'0973 VE 23 If you \toulcl like to receive more information idiom Osprey :1Iilitar\ hooks. I hr Oslrrcv XIessetiger is a regular ncwslcttcr which contains article,, ncss title information anti spec ial ollers. To join lire of change. please vtrite et: Osprey Military Messenger, PO Box 5, Rushden, Northants NN10 GYX The US Marine Corps since 1945 The Post-War Marines lairs Sgt. Sgt. The US Marine Corps, the oldest of America's Sgt. armed forces, was established on to November pion, 1775. It became part of the permanent establish- r of ment by Act of Congress on 1 1 July 1798. The next . met day, President John Adams appointed William C:ol. Ward Burrows as its first Commandant. In the 19111 the century the Corps' name became synonymous with :the romantic adventures and exotic foreign landscapes. anl, In World War I, Marines served prominently in Mr. France, and in World War II they fought against soci- Japan in the Pacific on land and sea and in the air. Mr. ' ' By 1945, the Corps had established itself in two 45 1sen, chosen roles: as an intervention force, ready to retci guarantee American lives and interests around the ulE. world; and as the leading exponent of combined con- amphibious operations against hostile shores. The next 40 years would see much use of these talents in two major wars and a dozen smaller crises. In the meantime the Corps would survive major inter- service disputes and some internal problems of its own. The story begins in August 1945, with the dropping of the atomic bomb and the surrender of Japan. Marine Recruiting Sergeants model the new (left) and old * * * (right) versions of the enlisted Blue Dress uniform, January 1947. At that time the Recruiting Service shoulder patch and The end of World War II found the US Marine 1937 chevrons were still authorised, but both would disappear Corps at its peak strength of Its combat by the end of that year. (USMC 404324) 473,000. elements, comprising two Corps, six Divisions and five Marine Air Wings, were completely deployed military facilities in the Tokyo area for the arrival of against Japan. In the midst of preparations for the (yen. Douglas MacArthur. The choice of the 4th invasion ofJapan, the atomic bomb came as a total Marines was deliberate. The regiment had been surprise. The new weapon would shortly have formed in 1944, from veteran Raider units: the major implications for the Corps, but for the original 4th had surrendered in the Philippines, in moment it was the enemy's sudden surrender that the dark days of 1942. In mid-September 1945 occupied their attention. On 30 August 1 945, further units arrived, this time from the 2nd and 5th elements of 2/4 Marines (2nd Battalion, 4th Marine Divisions. Regiment) from the 6th Marine Division carried Despite some initial apprehension, the Japanese out the first landings in japan. Along with Army proved as submissive in defeat as they were Airborne troops, their mission was to secure implacable in war, and the duties of the occupation 3 crew the land the the I was marl teas `The Con 'l In titalt Illllif 1)egil mad mcn cont. as a SCI'i(1 1 946 thrcc the direr exist T1 Cone Retirement ceremony for Secretary of the Navy John M. and Red guerilla in northern China. The last Fore Chafee in 1972. The Honor Guard wear the special ceremonial Marine forces were not to depart until June 1949. coral Blue-White Dress, with Mt rifles and white bayonet scab- bards; the officer's Sam Browne is worn with this uniform Aside from the units involved in occupation pod) only. (USMC A7o2747) duties, the rest of the Marine Corps was concerned state forces consisted mostly of the supervised destruction with a contradictory task. With the war over, there oper of war material. Another task was the repatriation was a public outcry for speedy demobilisation. The ofter of Allied prisoners of war, many of whom had 3rd, . oh and 5th Divisions were returned to the sepal suffered years of captivity. United States in late 1945 and early 1946, and the by C While the 2nd and 5th Divisions disarmed 2nd followed in June. After out-processing ret- Vaal bypassed Japanese island garrisons, other Marines urnees, the skeleton 2nd Division was moved to of the 1st and 6th Divisions were sent to China to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, to become part of accept the surrender of Japanese troops stationed the peacetime establishment. The 3rd, 4th and 5th 14 there. They landed in late September and early were decommissioned. In early 1946 the bulk of October, and moved to Tientsin and Tsingtao by Marine occupation troops in Japan departed for rail. The Japanese proved the least of their China, and in May Marine responsibilities there problems, as northern China was torn by disorder were consolidated under the 1st Division. The 6th and revolution. As they secured railroads and then departed in its turn for the States and communications, the Marines quickly became decommissioning. By the end of 1946 the Corps pra,O embroiled. `1'hey would remain so for nearly three strength had shrunk to less than i oo,ooo. the : years, and suffer casualties both dead and wounded. As this was accomplished, the Marines turned Yarc Although organised Red Chinese forces left them their attention to the tactical problems created by Alex alone, they quickly became targets for every bandit atomic weapons. A new amphibious doctrine was V 1 created, under which aircraft carriers would take the place of transports, and helicopters that of landing craft. At the time, it should be remembered, the Marines had only a handful of helicopters, and the largest held three people including the pilot. It was a revolutionary doctrine, and the Corps even managed to divert some of its limited resources to tests in exercises in the late 19405. `The Right to Fight'-the Unification Controversy The ships and helicopters themselves would have to wait. The Truman years were hard times for the military. Post-war budget cuts were only the beginning. After the war a series of proposals were made to reform the American defence establish- ment. Now chiefly remembered for the B-36 controversy and the establishment of the Air Force as a separate service, the unification issue also had serious implications fin- the Marine Corps. Between 1946 and r 950 the Corps was faced with no less than three attempts to change its role and status within the military: taken together, they constituted a direct attempt to legislate the Marines out of existence. The first two attempts, in mid-1946 and 1947, concerned changes in the status of the Fleet Marine Force (FMF) the command under which Marine The Officer's White Summer Dress, worn here at a Washington retirement ceremony in 1973. (USMC A7o4515) combat forces operate. To understand this pro- perly, it is important to appreciate the particular canal hanging at his throat, made an impassioned status of the Marine Corps. While traditionally speech before Congress in May 1946. It saved the operating alongside the Navy, with its personnel day temporarily; but the same bill was hack a year often under Navy control, the Marines are still a later. This time it was accompanied by a directive separate branch of the Armed Forces, established prohibiting comment by any serving officer! In i by Congress, with their own missions. Legally, the response, Marine Brig. Gen. Merritt A. `Red Mike' Navy and Marine Corps are separate services Edson resigned his commission, and made the reporting to the same civilian chief, the Secretary of rounds of'Capitol Hill as a civilian. At the sacrifice the Navy. of his career, Edson achieved his goal. The National During World War II, to simplify command Security Act of 1947 confirmed the Marines' status procedures, the Marines placed all their FMF farces and mission within the new Department of Defense. their combat Divisions and Air Wings) under The third crisis was more serious: the political Navy control. After the war the Navy wished to lobbying on the Marines' behalf' had aroused formalise this arrangement. In 1946 a bill to that annoyance in high places. The National Defense effect- S.2044 was introduced in Congress. Its Act had opened a debate on the future size and practical effect was to reduce the Marine Corps to structure of the Armed Forces, and serious changes the status of a Navy branch, 'like the Bureau of were being discussed. Vandegrifi retired in De- Yards and Docks', as Marine Commandant cember 1947, and was replaced by Gen. Clifton B. Alexander Vandegrift indignantly phrased it. Cates. In March 1948 President Truman, himself Vandegrift, his Medal of Honor horn (iuadal- an ex-Army officer with little love for the naval services, appointed an old political crony, Louis decision was made to commit US ground troops, Johnson, as the new Secretary of Defense. and some small Army units were airlifted in from Johnson, after obtaining a pliable Secretary of Japan. These were occupation troops, and their the Navy, set about a major budget reduction for training and equipment were deficient: the NKPA the Marine Corps. The Corps was reduced to brushed them aside and hurried south. More Army 70,000 effectives, and the Marines were forced to troops were sent, but there was a limit to what was disband service troops to keep alive their two- available. The US had not planned to fight a division peacetime structure. 'Thwarted in his conventional war, and was sadly short of combat intent, Johnson ordered the Corps the following troops. It was in this atmosphere that the Joint year to disband specific units, cutting their strength Chiefs of Staff, of which Marine Commandant to only ten under-strength battalions. His office Cates was not a member, met in early July. Due to refused to recognise the two-division structure, and the seriousness of the crisis, he was allowed to sit in, he publicly announced his intention to reduce the and his offer of a Marine Air-Ground Brigade was Corps still further. Eventually it would comprise a accepted. handful of units, none above a battalion in size. In a On 7 July, the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade fit of pettiness, he forbade the Marines to celebrate was stripped out of the skeleton 1st Division at the Corps' Official Birthday, to November; Camp Pendleton, California. Its depleted ranks confiscated Gen. Cates's official car; and reduced augmented by drafts from other units, the brigade the ceremonial honours to which he was entitled. sailed from San Diego on 12 July, 6,5oo strong. It More importantly, he publicly discussed merging comprised the 5th Marine Regiment (Lt. Col. the Marine Corps with the Army, a project in which Raymond L. Murray) and Marine Air Group 33- the Army also took a malicious interest. MAG-33- (Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Cushman). The Johnson overstepped himself with his pronounce- ments, and Congressional leaders forced him to 0 50 100 150 retract his public statements. The Birthday, car and I > >(cid:9)t Statute Miles honours were restored, but Johnson's intent never Manchuria wavered. In June 1950 he announced a further Corps reduction to only six battalions in fiscal year 1951. It was not to he. By November, Johnson himself was gone and the Corps was rapidly expanding. On June 1950 the North Korean 25 People's Army had invaded South Korea. America was once more at war, and had need of her Marines. A Brigade for Korea The invasion took official Washington by surprise. So did the collapse of the South Korean Army, 38'- under attack by veteran troops and Russian-made T-34 tanks. Seoul fell on 27 June. By chance, the Russians were boycotting the Security Council of the United Nations that month, and the Secretary- General was able to call an emergency session. The United Nations called on North Korea to cease its aggression, and requested member nations to render aid to South Korea. The United States was the first to respond. Originally it was hoped that US an-power, based in Japan, would make a difference. It did not. The >ps, Air Group had three fighter-bomber squadrons of om F4LI Corsairs, and one of light observation planes. leir Four Sikorsky H03S-i helicopters were hastily PA added, out of a handful in service. The brigade my commander was Brig. Gen. Edward A. Craig. was Meanwhile, on to ,July, Lt. Gen. Lemuel to Shepherd, commander of the FMF Pacific, arrived in Tokyo to confer with General MacArthur, the Commander-in-Chief, Far East. MacArthur point- ed to a wall map of Korea and remarked: If I only had the 1st Marine Division under my command again, I would land them here ..."I'he stem of his Posed against an amtrack in late autumn 1950, San Francisco Veterans of the Chosin fighting withdrawn to reserve in Marine Reservists serving in Korea display a range of combat January 1951 wearing a variety of upper garments, with M1942 dress. Seen here are Mt941 and Mt943 Field jackets; utility utility trousers and a mixture of utility and pile caps. Left to uniforms worn over sweaters; and (top left) the Tanker's right: M1944 utility jacket, Marine pile-lined vest, M1942 Jacket issued only to Marine tank crews. Note brown leather utility jacket, Army HBT jacket, Marine tan-khaki shirt. gloves and OD wool `inserts'. (USMC A5536) (USMC 45934) aen, Ini Ins Mi res ma alr rea Co col Th its Pci the the Bit' via Men of Co.B, Marines pause on a Naktong hillside for a On 13 August the Marines were suddenly pulled 1/5 radio check in August 1950. They wear a mixture of Mt942 and M1944 utilities with leggings. The World War II-vintage radios out and rushed north to Obong-ni, where the are (centre) the SCR-536 'handie-talkie', and (right) the SCR- NKPA's 4th Division was across the Naktong and 300 'walkie-talkie'-the nickname often wrongly used for the former set. (USMC A2142) threatening Miryang. The objective was a terrain feature called No Name Ridge', and the 5th corncob pipe indicated the port of Inchon. attacked in column of battalions on the morning of Shepherd assured him he could have the division by t 7 August. On the fourth try they reached the crest. September if' he requested it. MacArthur did so "l'hat night the NKPA counter-attacked, but were immediately. driven off. At dawn, calling down air strikes directly The brigade arrived at Pusan on 2 August 1950. in front of their positions, 115 pushed over the top By this time, three under-strength Army divisions and the NKPA fled in panic toward the river. and what was left of the ROK ( Republic of Korea) MAG-33 cut them off and chopped them down. army had stabilised the front along the Naktong Twelve hundred dead and most of the Communist River around the port of Pusan. The situation was division's equipment were left on the battlefield. precarious, however, and for the next month the The NKPA 4th was finished as a lighting unit, but Marines would be used as a mobile reserve a 'fire the cost had been high: 2/5 in particular had been brigade' to contain any NKPA breakthroughs. badly hurt. They went into action for the first time on 7 August, The NKPA was back in September, in an all-out the eighth anniversary of the landing on Guadal- ellort to break through the perimeter at every point. canal. They spearheaded an attack at Sachon, to In the north the NKPA c)th Division broke through redress a threat to the extreme south of the the newly arrived US Army znd Division and once perimeter. With the support of MAG-33's two more threatened Miryang. The threat was judged Corsair squadrons, flying from escort carriers (the most critical in this sector, and the Marine Brigade 5th Air Force in Japan had commandeered the was ordered to return to its old battlefield. On 3 third for night intruder missions), the Marines September, together with Army troops, the pushed the enemy back. Marines attacked. In a day of' heavy fighting the enemy was pushed back. On 5 September the brigade went into reserve to load-out for Inchon. Inchon and Seoul Meanwhile, the Corps was coping with bringing the rest of the 1st Division to war strength. The 70,000- man Corps, with worldwide commitments, was already over-extended. Fortunately, there was one ready source of manpower. On 19 July 1950 the Corps called 33,500 Marine Reservists to the colours, many of them veterans of World War II. The 2nd Division at Lcjeune contributed the bulk of its personnel as cadre for the 1st Regiment at Pendleton. Its own 6th Marines were re-designated the 7th Regiment, and left directly for Korea. Even the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean gave up its Camouflage clothing saw very limited use in Korea but these Battalion I.anding Team (BLT ), which headed east Marines photographed in 1952 have acquired sets of Mt944 via Suez and Singapore. pattern; note that they are worn the Mt951 Armor Vest. The cylindrical objects on their belts are M15 White Maj. Gen. Oliver P. Smith, the new commander Phosphorus smoke grenades, grey with yellow markings. (USMC A163258) of the 1st Division, arrived in Tokyo on 22 August. Because of tidal fluctuations, the Inchon landings would have to take place on 15 September. There be rooted out in three days of street fighting. The were 24 days to prepare. The operation itself was a city was declared secure on the 27th. In the south, major gamble. The tides were treacherous and the the US 8th Army broke out of the Pusan perimeter approach difficult. There were no proper beaches, and pushed north. The NKPA, cut off from supplies and the landings would be made against a seawall. and bled white on the Naktoug, fled before them in Worse, American amphibious forces were a rusty disorder. The war seemed suddenly won. The travesty of' their wartime might. Only the rashness United Nations decided to continue the war into of the operation recommended it: that, and the North Korea. In early October the Marines hope that success would cut the NKPA off from its returned to Inchon to re-embark. supply lines, liberate Seoul, and turn the war The Chosin Reservoir around. After preliminary bombardments, 3/5 Marines landed at dawn on 15 September to secure two The next operation was an administrative landing harbour islands, Wolmi-do and Suwolmi-do. The at L1'onsan, on the opposite side of the peninsula. rest of' the force went in with the next favourable There was a week's delay as the harbour was tide, at dusk. The landings went ofhperfectly. From cleared of' mines. To their embarrassment, the his flagship, Gen. MacArthur sent congratulations: Marines were greeted on landing by comedian Bob The Navy and the Marines have never shone more Hope and a US() troupe. The city had been brightly than this morning'. captured from the land side; but elements of the 1st On the morning of' the 16th the division moved Marines were needed for local clearing operations, out. Kimpo airport fell on the 17th. The same day, which lasted until early November. For geographic two battalions of the 5th crossed the Han River ill reasons, operations on the cast coast were being amtracks (amphibious tractors) supported by naval conducted by X Corps independent of the 8th gunfire. After heavy fighting, they secured the high Army. The 5th and 7th Marines were ordered to ground north of Seoul. advance north from Hamhung to the Yalu River On 24 September the 1st and 5th Marines and the Chinese border. Their first objective was entered the city itself. The NKPA resisted the Chosin Reservoir. stubbornly. They held Seoul in strength, and had to I n Tokyo they were saying that the war would be