The Unknown Pope This page intentionally left blank The Unknown Pope Benedict XV (1914-1922) and the Pursuit of Peace JOHN F. POLLARD GEOFFREY CHAPMAN Geoffrey Chapman A Continuum imprint Wellington House, 125 Strand, London WC2R OBB 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6503 © 1999 John F. Pollard All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. First published 1999 First paperback 2000 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-225-66891-2 Typeset by Ensystems, Saffron Walden, Essex Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, Guildford and King's Lynn Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction xiii 1 From Genoa to Rome 1 2 Bologna 30 3 Pope 58 4 Benedict, the war and Italy 85 5 Humanitarian relief and peace diplomacy 112 6 Peace and its problems 140 7 Benedict XV and Italy, 1918-1922 162 8 Benedict XV, the Church and the world 190 Epilogue 211 Bibliography 217 Index 233 This page intentionally left blank List of Illustrations 1. The Delia Chiesa family in 1862. Courtesy of the Delia Chiesa family archive. 2. Giacomo and family in 1902. Courtesy of the Delia Chiesa family archive. 3. Gioacchino Pecci, Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903). By kind permission ofLibreria Editrice Vaticana. 4. Cardinal Mariano Rampolla, Secretary of State to Leo XIII and Giacomo's mentor. By kind permission of Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 5. Giuseppe Sarto, Pope Pius X (1903-1914). By kind permission of Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 6. Cardinal Raphael Merry Del Val, Secretary of State to Pius X. By kind permission of Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 7. Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, Secretary of State to Benedict XV and Pius XI (from 1922 to 1930). By kind permission of Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 8. The consecration of Giacomo Delia Chiesa as bishop in the Sistine Chapel, 1907. Courtesy of the Delia Chiesa family archive. 9. Archbishop Delia Chiesa visiting a mountain parish, 1908. Courtesy of the Delia Chiesa family archive. vn LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 10. The coronation of Benedict XV in the Sistine Chapel, 6 September 1914. Courtesy of the Delia Chiesa family archive. 11. French prisoners of war brought to Switzerland by Benedict XV. Courtesy of the Delia Chiesa family archive. 12. British prisoners of war brought to Switzerland by Benedict XV. Courtesy of the Delia Chiesa family archive. 13. Benedict XV in his study in the Vatican. Courtesy of the Delia Chiesa family archive. 14. The French diplomatic delegation in the Vatican for the canonization of Joan of Arc in 1921. By kind permission ofLibreria Editrice Vaticana. 15. Benedict XV on his deathbed, January 1922; his friend Carlo Monti is on his knees, his head turned towards the camera. By kind permission of Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 16. The tomb of Benedict XV in the crypt of St Peter's Basilica. Courtesy of the Delia Chiesa family archive. viii Acknowledgements I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Reggie Norton, without whose inspiration and moral and material support this book would quite simply not have seen the light of day. Anglia Polytechnic University Inter-Schools' Research Committee gave me leave of absence and helped to finance various research trips as well as giving me a reduced timetable to complete writing. I am also grateful to Michael Walsh for persuading me to write it, and for reading drafts of chapters. Stewart Stehlin, Peter Kent and Noel Currer Briggs also helped by reading drafts and making comments, and Noel has once again made the index. Theo Schulte and Alexander Baer gave me much help with knotty questions relating to the First World War and Germany's role in it. Piers Brendon and John Cornwell gave pearls of wisdom about writing biogra- phies. For any errors of fact, and for all opinions and interpreta- tions, the responsibility is of course mine alone. Joe Cremona kindly put me in touch with the Delia Chiesa family in Rome, and I am deeply grateful to members of that family for their hospitality and for all the help they gave me, especially access to their family archive. I also wish to thank the staff of the Secret Vatican Archives, especially Mgr Charles Burns (now retired), Fr Chappin SJ of the Archive of the Congregation for Public Affairs of the Church Archives, the Archiepiscopal Archives in Bologna, the library of the Istituto Luigi Sturzo, the Biblioteca Nazionale and the library of the Istituto di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea in Rome. I am greatly in the debt of James Walston for taking most of the photographs, and to him and Nora Walston for their friendship, help and hospitality in Rome over many years. I must IX