The University and the City Universities are being seen as key urban institutions by researchers and policy makers around the world. They are global players with significant local direct and indirect impacts – on employment, the built environment, business innova- tion and the wider society. The University and the City explores these impacts andintheprocessseekstoexposetheextenttowhichuniversitiesarejustinthe city,orpartofthecityandactivelycontributingtoitsdevelopment. The precise expression of the emerging relationship between universities and citiesishighlycontingentonnationalandlocalcircumstances.Thebookisthere- fore grounded in original research into the experience of the UK and selected English provincial cities, with a focus on the role of universities in addressing the challenges of environmental sustainability, health and cultural development. Thesecasestudiesaresetinthecontextofreviewsoftheinternationalevidence on the links between universities and the urban economy, their role in ‘place making’andinthelocalcommunity. Thebookrevealstheneedtobuildastrongerbridgebetweenpolicyandprac- tice in the fields of urban development and higher education underpinned by sound theory if the full potential of universities as urban institutions is to be realised. Those working in the field of development therefore need to acquire a better understanding of universities and those in higher education of urban development. The insights from both sides contained in The University and the City providea platformonwhichtobuildwell-foundeduniversityandcitypart- nershipsacrosstheworld. John Goddard is Professor Emeritus of Regional Development Studies at NewcastleUniversity,UK. Paul Vallance is Research Associate in the Centre for Urban and Regional DevelopmentStudiesatNewcastleUniversity,UK. Regions and Cities Managing Editor: GillianBristow,UniversityofCardiff,UK. Editors: MaryannFeldman,UniversityofGeorgia,USA, GernotGrabher,HafenCityUniversityHamburg,Germany, RonMartin,UniversityofCambridge,UK, MartinPerry,MasseyUniversity,NewZealand. Intoday’sglobalised,knowledge-drivenandnetworkedworld,regionsandcities have assumed heightened significance as the interconnected nodes of economic, socialandculturalproduction,andassitesofnewmodesofeconomicandterri- torial governance and policy experimentation. This book series brings together incisive and critically engaged international and interdisciplinary research on this resurgence of regions and cities, and should be of interest to geographers, economists, sociologists, political scientists and cultural scholars, as well as to policy-makersinvolvedinregionalandurbandevelopment. For more information on the Regional Studies Association visit www. regionalstudies.org There is a 30% discount available to RSA members on books in the Regions andCitiesseries,andothersubjectrelatedTaylorandFrancisbooksande-books including Routledge titles. To order just e-mail [email protected], or phone on +44 (0) 20 7017 6924 and declare your RSA membership. You can alsovisitwww.routledge.comandusethediscountcode:RSA0901 1. BeyondGreenBelts 3. RegionalDevelopmentinthe1990s Managingurbangrowthinthe TheBritishIslesintransition 21stcentury EditedbyRonMartinand EditedbyJohnHerington PeterTownroe 2. RetreatfromtheRegions 4. SpatialPolicyinaDivided Corporatechangeandtheclosure Nation offactories EditedbyRichardT.Harrison StephenFothergillandNigelGuy andMarkHart 5. AnEnlargedEurope 13. RegionalPolicyinEurope Regionsincompetition? S.S.Artobolevskiy EditedbyLouisAlbrechts, SallyHardy,MarkHartand 14. NewInstitutionalSpaces AnastasiosKatos TECsandtheremakingof economicgovernance 6. TheRegionalImperative EditedbyMartinJonesand Regionalplanningand JamiePeck governanceinBritain,Europe andtheUnitedStates 15. TheCoherenceofEU UrlanA.Wannop RegionalPolicy Contrastingperspectivesonthe 7. TheDeterminantsofSmall structuralfunds FirmGrowth EditedbyJohnBachtlerand Aninter-regionalstudyinthe IvanTurok UnitedKingdom1986–90 RichardBarkham,Graham Gudgin,MarkHartand 16. Multinationalsand EricHanvey EuropeanIntegration Trade,investmentandregional 8. TheRegionalDimensionof development TransformationinCentralEurope EditedbyNicholasA.Phelps GrzegorzGorzelak 17. UnemploymentandSocial 9. UnionRetreatandtheRegions Exclusion Theshrinkinglandscapeof Landscapesoflabourinequality organisedlabour andsocialexclusion RonMartin,PeterSunleyand EditedbySallyHardy, JaneWills PaulLawlessandRonMartin 10. RegionalDevelopmentStrategies 18. MetropolitanPlanningin AEuropeanperspective Britain EditedbyJeremyAldenand Acomparativestudy PhilipBoland EditedbyPeterRoberts, KevinThomasand 11. BritishRegionalismand GwyndafWilliams Devolution Thechallengesofstatereform andEuropeanintegration 19. SocialExclusioninEuropean EditedbyJonathanBradburyand Cities JohnMawson Processes,experiencesand responses 12. InnovationNetworksand EditedbyJudithAllen, LearningRegions? GoranCarsand JamesSimmie AliMadanipour 20. RegionalDevelopment 28. Regions,SpatialStrategiesand AgenciesinEurope SustainableDevelopment EditedbyCharlotteDamborg, DavidCounselland MikeDansonandHenrikHalkier GrahamHaughton 29. ClustersandRegional 21. CommunityEconomic Development Development EditedbyGrahamHaughton Criticalreflectionsand explorations 22. ForeignDirectInvestment EditedbyBjørnAsheim, andtheGlobalEconomy PhilipCookeandRonMartin Corporateandinstitutional 30. RegionalCompetitiveness dynamicsofglobal-localisation EditedbyRonMartin,Michael EditedbyJeremyAldenand KitsonandPeterTyler NicholasF.Phelps 31. RegionalDevelopmentinthe 23. RestructuringIndustryand KnowledgeEconomy Territory EditedbyPhilipCookeand TheexperienceofEurope’sregions AndreaPiccaluga EditedbyAnnaGiunta,Arnoud LagendijkandAndyPike 32. TheRiseoftheEnglishRegions? EditedbyIreneHardill,Paul 24. OutoftheAshes? Benneworth,MarkBakerand Thesocialimpactofindustrial LeslieBudd contractionandregenerationon 33. GeographiesoftheNew Britain’sminingcommunities Economy ChasCritcher,BellaDicks, DavidParryand Criticalreflections EditedbyPeterW.Daniels, DavidWaddington AndrewLeyshon,MichaelJ. 25. RegionalInnovation BradshawandJonathan Strategies Beaverstock Thechallengeforless-favoured 34. EuropeanCohesionPolicy regions WillemMolle EditedbyKevinMorganand ClaireNauwelaers 35. CreativeRegions Technology,cultureand 26. GeographiesofLabourMarket knowledgeentrepreneurship Inequality EditedbyPhilipCookeand EditedbyRonMartinand DafnaSchwartz PhilipS.Morrison 36. Devolution,Regionalismand 27. SustainableCities RegionalDevelopment GrahamHaughtonand TheUKexperience ColinHunter EditedbyJonathanBradbury 37. IntelligentCitiesand 45. Migrationinthe21stCentury GlobalisationofInnovation Rights,outcomes,andpolicy Networks KimKorinekandThomasMaloney NicosKomninos 46. LeadershipandPlace EditedbyChrisCollinge, 38. WhitherRegionalStudies? JohnGibneyandChrisMabey EditedbyAndyPike 47. BeyondTerritory 39. BusinessNetworksinClusters EditedbyHaraldBathelt, andIndustrialDistricts MaryannFeldmanand Thegovernanceoftheglobal DieterF.Kogler valuechain EditedbyFiorenzaBelussiand 48. TheRecessionandBeyond AlessiaSammarra Localandregionalresponsesto thedownturn 40. ChinaandEurope EditedbyDavidBaileyand Theimplicationsoftheriseof CarolineChapain Chinaasaglobaleconomic powerforEurope 49. CulturalPoliticalEconomy EditedbyKlausKunzmann, ofSmallCities WillyA.SchmidandMartina EditedbyAnneLorentzenand Koll-Schretzenmayr BasvanHeur 50. JustGrowth 41. GlobalizingRegional DevelopmentinEastAsia Inclusionandprosperityin America’smetropolitanregions Productionnetworks,clusters, ChrisBennerandManuelPastor andentrepreneurship EditedbyHenryWai-chungYeung 51. IndustrialPolicyBeyondthe Crisis 42. ManufacturingintheNew Regional,nationaland UrbanEconomy internationalperspectives WillemvanWinden,Leovanden EditedbyDavidBailey, Berg,LuisdeCarvalhoand HelenaLenihanandJosep-Maria ErwinvanTuijl Arauzo-Carod 43. TheImpactsofAutomotive 52. PromotingSiliconValleysin PlantClosures LatinAmerica Ataleoftwocities LucianoCiravegna EditedbyAndrewBeerand HolliEvans 53. RegionalDevelopmentin NorthernEurope 44. TheFuturesoftheCity Peripherality,marginalityand Region borderissues EditedbyMichaelNeumanand EditedbyMikeDansonand AngelaHull PeterDeSouza 54. CreatingKnowledgeLocations 59. RegionalDevelopment inCities Agencies:TheNext Innovationandintegration Generation? challenges Networking,knowledgeand WillemvanWinden,Luisde regionalpolicies Carvalho,ErwinvanTujil, EditedbyNicolaBellini,Mike JeroenvanHaarenand DansonandHenrikHalkier LeovandenBerg 60. LeadershipandChangein 55. ComplexAdaptiveInnovation SustainableRegional Systems Development Relatednessandtransversality EditedbyMarkkuSotarauta, intheevolvingregion InaHorlingsand PhilipCooke JoyceLiddle 56. InnovationGovernanceinan 61. NetworkingRegionalised OpenEconomy InnovativeLabour Shapingregionalnodesina Markets globalizedworld EditedbyUlrichHilpertand EditedbyAnnikaRickne,Staffan HelenLawtonSmith LaestadiusandHenryEtzkowitz 62. Re-framingRegional 57. CreativeIndustriesand Development InnovationinEurope Evolution,innovationand Concepts,measuresand transition comparativecasestudies EditedbyPhilipCooke EditedbyLucianaLazzeretti 63. TheUniversityandtheCity 58. Community-based JohnGoddardandPaulVallance EntrepreneurshipandRural Development Creatingfavourableconditionsfor smallbusinessesinCentralEurope MatthiasFink,StephanLoidland RichardLang The University and the City John Goddard and Paul Vallance Firstpublished2013 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninforma business (cid:2)2013JohnGoddardandPaulVallance TherightofJohnGoddardandPaulVallancetobeidentifiedasauthorsof thisworkhasbeenassertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin anyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksor registeredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanation withoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Goddard,J.B. Theuniversityandthecity/byJohnGoddardandPaulVallance. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.Universitiesandcolleges—Economicaspects—GreatBritain. 2.Education,Higher—Economicaspects—GreatBritain3.Urban economics.4.Communitydevelopment,Urban—GreatBritain.5.City planning—GreatBritain.I.Vallance,Paul.II.Title. LC67.68.G7G632013 338.4#73780941—dc23 2012030801 ISBN:978-0-415-58992-5(hbk) ISBN:978-0-203-06836-6(ebk) TypesetinTimesNewRoman byBookNowLtd,London Contents Listofillustrations xi Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 PARTI Review:internationaldimensions 7 2 TheuniversityinthecityI:placeandcommunity 9 3 TheuniversityinthecityII:economicimpacts 22 4 Universities,innovationandeconomicdevelopment 35 5 Citysocialandeconomicdevelopment:driversand barrierstouniversityengagementinthree Europeancities 50 PARTII Research:theUKcontext 65 6 HighereducationandcitiesintheUK 67 7 Universities,sustainabilityandurbandevelopment 89 8 Universitiesandhealth:institutionalrelationshipsin thecity 110 9 Universitiesandtheculturalsectorofcities 127 10 Theembeddednessofuniversitiesinthecityand thecityintheuniversity 147