1111 2 3 4 THE UNITED STATES AND 511 6 LATIN AMERICA 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 Providing a concise, balanced and incisive analysis of US diplomatic rela- 4 tions with Latin America from 1776 to the end of the twentieth century, 5 this timely work explores central themes such as the structure of diplomatic 6 relations in the western hemisphere, and the pursuit of American national 7 interest by the use of diplomacy, cultural imperialism and economic and 8 military power. 9 Joseph Smith examines the rise of the US as an independent power and 20111 its policy towards Latin American movements for independence. In addi- 1 tion, issues such as the evolution of the Monroe Doctrine, Pan-Americanism, 2 dollar diplomacy and the challenge of communism are explored. High- 3 lighting Latin American responses to US policy over a significant time span, 4 this study documents the development of a complex historical relationship 5 in which the United States has claimed a pre-eminent role, arousing as 6 much resentment as acquiescence from its southern neighbours. 7 Including a discussion of the current issues of debt, trade and narcotics 8 control, this unique and valuable study will be of significance to all those 9 with an interest in US and Latin American international relations. 30111 1 Joseph Smith is Reader in American Diplomatic History at the University 2 of Exeter and has previously taught at the College of William and Mary 3 and the University of Colorado at Denver. He is the author of A History 4 of Brazil, 1500–2000 (2002). 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 1111 2 3 4 5 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND HISTORY 6 Series Editor Jeremy Black 7 Professor of History, University of Exeter 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 THE EMERGENCE OF THE GLOBAL 4 POLITICAL ECONOMY 5 William Thompson 6 7 DEMOCRACY AND PEACE MAKING 8 Philip Towle 9 20111 THE UNITED STATES AND 1 LATIN AMERICA 2 Joseph Smith 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 1111 2 3 4 THE UNITED STATES 511 6 AND LATIN AMERICA 7 8 9 1011 A history of American diplomacy, 1 1776–2000 2 3111 4 5 6 7 8 Joseph Smith 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 First published 2005 2 by Routledge 3111 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 4 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada 5 by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 6 7 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 8 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. 9 20111 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” 1 2 © 2005 Joseph Smith 3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or 4 reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechan- 5 ical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or 6 retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. 7 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 8 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British 9 Library 30111 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 1 A catalogue record for this title has been requested 2 ISBN 0-203-00453-1 Master e-book ISBN 3 4 5 ISBN 0–415–35834–5 (hbk) 6 ISBN 0–415–35835–3 (pbk) 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 1111 2 3 4 CONTENTS 511 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 Acknowledgements vii 4 Map: North and South America viii 5 6 1 Independence (1776–1830) 1 7 Distant colonial neighbours 1 8 Formation of the United States 3 9 Outbreak of the Wars for Latin American Independence 6 20111 Recognition of Latin American independence by the 1 United States 13 2 Monroe Doctrine 15 3 Aftermath of the Monroe Doctrine 17 4 Panama Congress 18 5 6 2 Territorial expansionism (1830–79) 21 7 Diplomatic and economic neglect 21 8 American territorial expansionism 26 9 The filibusters 30 30111 The Central American Canal 33 1 Diplomatic disengagement 37 2 3 4 3 Pan-Americanism (1879–1900) 42 5 The Isthmian Canal 42 6 Blaine and the War of the Pacific 45 7 The Pan-American Conference, 1889–90 47 8 Commercial reciprocity 52 9 Diplomatic crises in Chile, Brazil and Venezuela 54 40111 The Spanish–American War 59 1 2 4 Dollar diplomacy (1900–28) 66 3 Consequences of the Spanish–American War 66 44111 Dollar diplomacy 69 v CONTENTS 1111 The Panama Canal 71 2 Woodrow Wilson 75 3 The First World War 78 4 The 1920s 83 5 Economic ties 88 6 7 5 The Good Neighbor (1928–45) 91 8 Herbert Hoover 91 9 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the ‘Good Neighbor Policy’ 94 1011 Commercial diplomacy 97 1 Accommodation with Mexico 99 2 The European war 101 3111 Diplomatic conflict with Argentina 103 4 Inter-American cooperation during the Second World War 106 5 Internal security 108 6 6 Cold War politics (1945–74) 111 7 The inter-American system 111 8 Resisting Communism in Guatemala 117 9 Alliance For Progress 123 20111 The Cuban Revolution 126 1 The Johnson Doctrine 132 2 The threat of Allende 135 3 4 7 End of the twentieth century (1974–2000) 141 5 The Panama Canal treaties 141 6 Relations with Cuba 144 7 Human rights 145 8 Carter and Nicaragua 146 9 Reagan and the Central American Crisis 149 30111 South Atlantic War 156 1 Grenada 157 2 Debt Crisis 159 3 North American Free Trade Agreement 162 4 After the Cold War 164 5 Narcotics control 165 6 Democracy and human rights 167 7 Migration 168 8 9 Notes 171 40111 Selected bibliography 193 1 Index 201 2 3 44111 vi 1111 2 3 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 511 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 I wish to thank Tom Leonard and Kyle Longley for inviting me to partici- 4 pate in a series of conferences on inter-American diplomatic relations that 5 were held during the 1990s. These very pleasant and informative occasions 6 reaffirmed for me the importance of studying and writing about this topic. 7 I was therefore delighted when my colleague, Jeremy Black, gave me the 8 opportunity to prepare both an interpretive study and also what I hope 9 will be an accessible text for students. The completion of the writing owes 20111 much to a Research Leave Award from the Arts and Humanities Research 1 Board that gave me a vital period of release from teaching duties at Exeter. 2 As always, however, my greatest personal debt is to Rachael for her encour- 3 agement and support without which I would never have successfully finished 4 the project. 5 Exeter, November 2004. 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 vii 1111 2 3 4 5 CANADA 6 7 8 9 1011 1 UNITED STATES 2 3111 4 5 6 MEXICO 7 CUBA DOM. REP. 8 JAMAICA PUERTO RICO BELIZE HAITI HONDURAS 9 GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA 20111 GRENADA 1 COSTA RICAPANAMA VENEZUELA GUYSAUNRAINFARMEENCH GUIANA 2 COLOMBIA ECUADOR 3 4 PERU 5 6 BRAZIL 7 BOLIVIA 8 9 PARAGUAY 30111 CHILE 1 ARGENTINA 2 URUGUAY 3 4 5 6 7 8 FALKLAND ISLANDS 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 1111 2 1 3 4 INDEPENDENCE (1776–1830) 511 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 Distant colonial neighbours 4 After the celebrated voyage of discovery by Christopher Columbus in 1492 5 European monarchs proceeded to conquer and exploit the territory, 6 resources and native peoples of the ‘New World’ that made up the Western 7 Hemisphere or Americas. In the process colonial empires were established 8 characterized by hierarchical systems in which Europeans and ‘creoles’ (white 9 Europeans born in the New World) exercised political, economic, social and 20111 cultural authority over the native peoples and Africans who were imported 1 as slave labour. The largest empire belonged to the king of Spain and was 2 initially divided into two separate viceroyalties. Its local centres of adminis- 3 trative power and wealth lay in Mexico City, capital of the Viceroyalty of 4 New Spain, and Lima, capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The borders of the 5 Spanish-American empire were extensive and ultimately reached as far north 6 as the Pacific Northwest and as far south as Cape Horn. Possession of the 7 vast territory of Brazil that lay in South America was claimed by the king of 8 9 Portugal. The main settlement of the English (British) was the relatively 30111 smaller but much more compact geographical area that eventually developed 1 into the Thirteen North American Colonies stretching from New England 2 in the north to Georgia in the south. In contrast to the Spanish-American 3 empire, the British colonies notably lacked large populations of native 4 peoples.1 5 While geography gave the various British, Spanish and Portuguese colonial 6 possessions a common location in the Western Hemisphere, a sense of 7 unity and common history was lacking because geographical factors also 8 meant that relations were not close during the colonial period that lasted 9 from the sixteenth century to the close of the eighteenth century. With 40111 the exception of the islands of the Caribbean, the respective colonial empires 1 were separated both by large distances and very poor communications by 2 sea and overland. An additional barrier was the influence of the dynastic 3 rivalries of Europe, which meant that political and commercial relations – 44111 especially between the North American colonies and the Spanish and 1