The UniTed n aTions in inTernaTional his Tory New Approaches to International History Series Editor: Thomas Zeiler, Professor of american diplomatic history, University of Colorado Boulder, Usa Series Editorial Board: anthony adamthwaite, University of California at Berkeley (Usa) Kathleen Burk, University College london (UK) louis Clerc, University of Turku (Finland) Petra Goedde, Temple University (Usa) Francine McKenzie, University of Western ontario (Canada) lien-hang nguyen, University of Kentucky (Usa) Jason Parker, Texas a&M University (Usa) Glenda sluga, University of sydney (australia) New Approaches to International History covers international history during the modern period and across the globe. The series incorporates new developments in the field, such as the cultural turn and transnationalism, as well as the classical high politics of state- centric policymaking and diplomatic relations. Written with upper level undergraduate and postgraduate students in mind, texts in the series provide an accessible overview of international diplomatic and transnational issues, events and actors. Published: deColoniZaTion and The Cold War edited by Leslie James and Elisabeth Leake (2015) Cold War sUMMiTs by Chris Tudda (2015) Forthcoming: laTin aMeriCan naTionalisM by James F. Siekmeier The hisTory oF UniTed sTaTes CUlTUral diPloMaCy by Michael L. Krenn inTernaTional CooPeraTion in The early 20Th CenTUry by Daniel Gorman The inTernaTional lGBT riGhTs MoVeMenT by Laura Belmonte reConsTrUCTinG The PosTWar World by Francine McKenzie The UniTed n aTions in inTernaTional his Tory Amy L. Sayward Bloomsbury academic an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2017 © Amy L. Sayward, 2017 Amy L. Sayward has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978-1-4725-0883-6 PB: 978-1-4725-1003-7 ePDF: 978-1-4725-1060-0 ePub: 978-1-4725-1322-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Series: New Approaches to International History Cover design: Catherine Wood Cover image: USA, New York, NYC, the Interior of the United Nations Building, the Marc Chagall stained glass window "Peace and Man" © AGF Srl/Alamy Stock Photo Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India To my graduate students, who have taught me so much. Thank you for choosing me to join you in your intellectual journey. Leah Vallely Darrin Haas Heather Scheurer James Derrick Hasan Karayam Jennie Epp Jeanna Kinnebrew Abby Gautreau Angie Sirna Evan Buchanan Kevin Smith Jessi Klinedinst Amy Rohmiller Carolyn Powell Ashleigh Oatts Chris Barker Howard Flemings Chris Thrasher Chris Adams Tara Mielnik Jerry Colley Tom Carter Alex Johnson Walt Litaker Marc Hill vi ConTenT s list of Figures, Cover art, and online resources viii series editor’s Preface ix Preface and acknowledgments xi list of abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction: An Invitation 1 2 The National and International Origins of the United Nations 7 3 The Cold War Borderland 21 4 Preventing War and Promoting Peace through Social and Economic Programs 55 5 The Development Enterprise 83 6 Making and Keeping the Peace: U.N. Peacekeeping and Refugee Assistance Operations 121 Jeanna Kinnebrew and Amy L. Sayward 7 The Middle East and the United Nations 149 8 Defining Human Rights, International Justice, and Genocide 183 Amy L. Sayward with assistance from Alexandrea Collins 9 Conclusion: Join the Conversation! 219 Guide to Further research 221 notes 222 index 288 lisT oF FiGUres Figure 7.1 Map of the Middle east 147 Figure 7.2 israel and its neighbors 148 CoVer ar T This “Peace Window” was a memorial gift to the United nations from French artist Marc Chagall and the staff of the United nations in memory of secretary-General dag hammarskjöld. it was dedicated on the third anniversary of his death, september 17, 1964. as such, it represents the history of the organization under consideration in this volume. But it also is indicative of the ways in which various people have sought to create and symbolize the meaning of the physical space of the United nations, which this book argues created a borderland between nations for the exchange and development of ideas, meanings, and actions throughout the organization’s history. online resoUrCes online resources to accompany this book are available at: www.bloomsbury.com/the- united-nations-in-international-history-9781472510037. Please type the Url into your web browser and follow the instructions to access the Companion Website. if you experience any problems, please contact Bloomsbury at: [email protected] series ediT or’s PreFaCe New Approaches to International History takes the entire world as its stage for exploring the history of diplomacy, broadly conceived theoretically and thematically, and writ large across the span of the globe, during the modern period. This series goes beyond the single goal of explaining encounters in the world. our aspiration is that these books provide both an introduction for researchers new to a topic, and supplemental and essential reading in classrooms. Thus, New Approaches serves a dual purpose that is unique from other large- scale treatments of international history; it applies to scholarly agendas and pedagogy. in addition, it does so against the backdrop of a century of enormous change, conflict, and progress that informed global history but also continues to reflect on our own times. The series offers the old and new diplomatic history to address a range of topics that shaped the twentieth century. engaging in international history (including but not especially focusing on global or world history), these books will appeal to a range of scholars and teachers situated in the humanities and social sciences, including those in history, international relations, cultural studies, politics, and economics. We have in mind scholars, both novice and veteran, who require an entrée into a topic, trend, or technique that can benefit their own research or education into a new field of study by crossing boundaries in a variety of ways. By its broad and inclusive coverage, New Approaches to International History is also unique because it makes accessible to students current research, methodology, and themes. incorporating cutting-edge scholarship that reflects trends in international history, as well as addressing the classical high politics of state-centric policymaking and diplomatic relations, these books are designed to bring alive the myriad of approaches for digestion by advanced undergraduates and graduate students. in preparation for the New Approaches series, Bloomsbury surveyed courses and faculty around the world to gauge interest and reveal core themes of relevance for their classroom use. The polling yielded a host of topics, from war and peace to the environment; from empire to economic integration; and from migration to nuclear arms. The effort proved that there is a much- needed place for studies that connect scholars and students alike to international history, and books that are especially relevant to the teaching missions of faculty around the world. We hope readers find this series to be appealing, challenging, and thought provoking. Whether the history is viewed through older or newer lenses, New Approaches to International History allows students to peer into the modern period’s complex relations among nations, people, and events to draw their own conclusions about the tumultuous, interconnected past. Thomas Zeiler, University of Colorado Boulder, USA