Better Critical Thinking Skills Connect History builds critical thinking and writing skills through “Critical Missions” scenarios that place students in a pivotal moment in time and ask them to read and examine sources, maps, and timelines and develop a historical argument. Better Geography Skills Embedded narrated map video learning resources in SmartBook support geographical as well as historical thinking. Better Grades Connect History offers a number of powerful reports and charts to give you the information you need to easily evaluate performance and keep students on a path to success. Connect Insight—now available for both students and instructors—is a series of visual data displays that provide at-a-glance information regarding student performance. Either quick review or in-depth, these reports remove the guesswork so you can focus on what matters most. THE UNFINISHED NATION A Concise History of the American People Eighth Edition Alan Brinkley Columbia University with Contributions from John Giggie University of Alabama Andrew Huebner University of Alabama THE UNFINISHED NATION: A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2014, 2010, and 2008. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. 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Design elements: Scales: © Comstock/ Jupiter Images; Phonograph: © Burke/Triolo/Brand X Pictures/Jupiter Images; Race car: © George Doyle/ Stockbyte/Getty Images (RF); Wooden top: © Image Club; Stack of books: © D. Hurst/Alamy; American flag: © Steve Cole/Getty Images (RF); Double hemisphere map: © Stockbyte/Getty Images (RF) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brinkley, Alan. The unfinished nation: a concise history of the American people / Alan Brinkley, Columbia University; with contributions from John Giggie, University of Alabama; Andrew Huebner, University of Alabama. — Eighth edition. pages cm ISBN 978-0-07-351333-1 (alkaline paper) — ISBN 0-07-351333-4 (alkaline paper) 1. United States—History. I. Giggie, John Michael, 1965- II. Huebner, Andrew. III. Title. E178.1.B827 2016 973—dc23 2015025264 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered ABOUT THE AUTHORS Alan Brinkley is the Allan Nevins Professor of History at Columbia University. He served as university provost at Columbia from 2003 to 2009. He is the author of Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression, which won the 1983 National Book Award; American History: Connecting with the Past; The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War; Liberalism and Its Discontents; Franklin D. Roosevelt; and The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century. He is board chair of the National Humanities Center, board chair of the Century Foundation, and a trustee of Oxford University Press. He is also a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1998–1999, he was the Harmsworth Professor of History at Oxford University, and in 2011–2012, the Pitt Professor at the University of Cambridge. He won the Joseph R. Levenson Memorial Teaching Award at Harvard and the Great Teacher Award at Columbia. He was educated at Princeton and Harvard. John Giggie is associate professor of history and African American studies at the University of Alabama. He is the author of After Redemption: Jim Crow and the Transformation of African American Religion in the Delta, 1875–1917, editor of America Firsthand, and editor of Faith in the Market: Religion and the Rise of Commercial Culture. He is currently preparing a book on African American religion during the Civil War. He has been honored for his teaching, most recently with a Distinguished Fellow in Teaching award from the University of Alabama. He received his PhD from Princeton University. Andrew Huebner is associate professor of history at the University of Alabama. He is the author of The Warrior Image: Soldiers in American Culture from the Second World War to the Vietnam Era and has written and spoken widely on the subject of war and society in the twentieth-century United States. He is currently working on a study of American fami- lies and public culture during the First World War. He received his PhD from Brown University. • vii BRIEF CONTENTS PREFACE XXV 16 THE CONQUEST OF THE FAR  WEST 380 1 THE COLLISION OF CULTURES 1 17 INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY 404 2 TRANSPLANTATIONS AND  BORDERLANDS 24 18 THE AGE OF THE CITY 427 3 SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN  19 FROM CRISIS TO EMPIRE 454 PROVINCIAL AMERICA 54 20 THE PROGRESSIVES 487 4 THE EMPIRE IN TRANSITION 83 21 AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR 518 5 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 106 22 THE NEW ERA 543 6 THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW  REPUBLIC 133 23 THE GREAT DEPRESSION 563 7 THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA 154 24 THE NEW DEAL 587 8 VARIETIES OF AMERICAN  25 THE GLOBAL CRISIS, 1921–1941 611 NATIONALISM 184 9 JACKSONIAN AMERICA 201 26 AMERICA IN A WORLD AT WAR 628 10 AMERICA’S ECONOMIC  27 THE COLD WAR 653 REVOLUTION 225 28 THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY 678 11 COTTON, SLAVERY, AND THE OLD  SOUTH 251 29 THE TURBULENT SIXTIES 707 12 ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND  30 THE CRISIS OF AUTHORITY 736 REFORM 272 31 FROM “THE AGE OF LIMITS” TO  13 THE IMPENDING CRISIS 296 THE AGE OF REAGAN 766 14 THE CIVIL WAR 321 32 THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION 789 APPENDIX 823 15 RECONSTRUCTION AND THE NEW  SOUTH 351 GLOSSARY 851 INDEX 855 viii • CONTENTS PREFACE XXV 1 THE COLLISION OF CULTURES 1 AMERICA BEFORE COLUMBUS 2 Debating the Past: Why Do Historians  The Peoples of the Precontact Americas 2 So Often Differ? 14 The Growth of Civilizations: The South 4 America in the World: The Atlantic  The Civilizations of the North 4 Context of Early American History 16 EUROPE LOOKS WESTWARD 6 CONCLUSION 22 Commerce and Sea Travel 6 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 22 Christopher Columbus 7 RECALL AND REFLECT 23 The Spanish Empire 9 Northern Outposts 12 Biological and Cultural Exchanges 12 Africa and America 13 THE ARRIVAL OF THE ENGLISH 18 Incentives for Colonization 18 The French and the Dutch in America 20 The First English Settlements 20 Consider the Source: Bartolomé de Las  Casas, “Of the Island of Hispaniola”  (1542) 10 2 TRANSPLANTATIONS AND BORDERLANDS 24 THE EARLY CHESAPEAKE 25 The Southeast Borderlands 45 Colonists and Natives 25 The Founding of Georgia 46 Reorganization and Expansion 27 Middle Grounds 47 Maryland and the Calverts 29 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPIRE 50 Bacon’s Rebellion 30 The Dominion of New England 50 THE GROWTH OF NEW ENGLAND 31 The “Glorious Revolution” 51 Plymouth Plantation 31 Consider the Source: Cotton Mather  The Massachusetts Bay Experiment 32 on the Recent History of New England  The Expansion of New England 34 (1692) 36 Settlers and Natives 37 Debating the Past: Native Americans  King Philip’s War and the Technology of Battle 38 and the Middle Ground 48 THE RESTORATION COLONIES 39 CONCLUSION 52 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 52 The English Civil War 39 RECALL AND REFLECT 53 The Carolinas 40 New Netherland, New York, and New Jersey 41 The Quaker Colonies 41 BORDERLANDS AND MIDDLE  GROUNDS 42 The Caribbean Islands 43 Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean 43 The Southwest Borderlands 44 • ix