The Turn to Infrastructure in Internet Governance The INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE series focuses on the complex inter-relationships between the social, political, and economic processes of global governance that occur at national, regional, and international levels. These pro- cesses are influenced by the rapid and ongoing developments in information and commu- nication technologies, which are affecting numerous substantive areas, as well as creating new opportunities and mechanisms for participation in global governance processes and influencing how they are studied. The series encourages original scholarship on both the global governance of information and communication technologies (from the narrow issues of global Internet governance to the broader issues of global governance of the Information Society) as well as the uses of information and communication technologies in the service of global governance in a wide range of sectors. Series Editor : Derrick L. Cogburn, A merican University Associate Professor of International Relations International Communication Program School of International Service American University Director: COTELCO The Collaboration Laboratory Executive Director, Institute on Disability and Public Policy (IDPP) American University Advisory Board: M. Selcan Kaynak – Bogazici University Nanette S. Levinson – American University John Mathiason – Syracuse University Milton Mueller – Georgia Institute of Technology Claudia Padovani – University of Padova (Universit à di Padova) Priscilla Regan – George Mason University Kenneth Rogerson – Duke University J. P. Singh – George Mason University Published by Palgrave Macmillan : Third World Citizens and the Information Technology Revolution By Nivien Saleh Global Governance Facing Structural Change: New Institutional Trajectories for Digital and Transnational Capitalism Edited by Mich è le Rioux and Kim Fontaine-Skronski The Turn to Infrastructure in Internet Governance Edited by Francesca Musiani, Derrick L. Cogburn, Laura DeNardis, and Nanette S. Levinson The Turn to Infrastructure in Internet Governance Edited by Francesca Musiani , Derrick L. Cogburn , Laura DeNardis , and Nanette S. Levinson THE TURN TO INFRASTRUCTURE IN INTERNET GOVERNANCE Selection and editorial content © Francesca Musiani, Derrick L. Cogburn, Laura DeNardis, and Nanette S. Levinson 2016 Individual chapters © their respective contributors 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-53326-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of Nature America, Inc., One New York Plaza, Suite 4500, New York, NY 10004-1562. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. ISBN: 978–1–349–57846–7 E-PDF ISBN: 978–1–137–48359–1 DOI: 10.1057/9781137483591 Distribution in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world is by Palgrave Macmillan®, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The turn to infrastructure in Internet governance / edited by Francesca Musiani, Derrick L. Cogburn, Laura DeNardis, and Nanette S. Levinson. pages cm.—(Information technology and global governance) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Internet governance. 2. Internet—Security measures—International cooperation. 3. Internet industry. I. Musiani, Francesca, editor. II. Cogburn, Derrick L., editor. III. DeNardis, Laura, 1966– editor. IV. Levinson, Nanette S., editor. TK5105.8854.T87 2015 384.3(cid:2)3—dc23 2015020923 A catalogue record for the book is available from the British Library. Dedicated to Enoch, Claudia, and C é cile, for getting and keeping me interested in the Internet Francesca Musiani Sharon, Courtney, Noemi, and Sean Manuel Cogburn Derrick L. Cogburn Deborah Rebecca Smith Laura DeNardis Daniel, Shiley, and Maya Levinson Nanette S. Levinson Contents List of Figures ix Series Editor Foreword xi Preface x iii Acknowledgments x v Introduction 1 Governance by Infrastructure 3 Laura DeNardis and Francesca Musiani Part I From the Politics of Internet Infrastructure to Infrastructure as Internet Politics 2 The Multiple Logics of Post-Snowden Restructuring of Internet Governance 25 Derrick L. Cogburn 3 International Organizations and Global Internet Governance: Interorganizational Architecture 47 Nanette S. Levinson and Meryem Marzouki 4 Alternative Technologies as Alternative Institutions: The Case of the Domain Name System 73 Francesca Musiani Part II Infrastructure-Based Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement 5 Domains of Control: Governance of and b y the Domain Name System 89 Kenneth Merrill viii ● Contents 6 Copyright, Information Intermediaries, and Internet Architecture 107 Matthew Schruers 7 “Three-Strikes” Response to Copyright Infringement: The Case of HADOPI 125 Primavera De Filippi and Dani è le Bourcier Part III Infrastructure as a Lever of/in Surveillance, Privacy, and Censorship 8 The Delegation of Censorship to the Private Sector 155 Nicolas Arpagian 9 Tracking Internet Shutdown Practices: Democracies and Hybrid Regimes 167 Patricia Vargas-Leon 10 The Turn to Infrastructure in Privacy Governance 189 Tatevik Sargsyan 11 Exploring PRISM’s Spectrum: Privacy in the Information Age 203 John Laprise Conclusion 12 The Next “Turn” in Internet Infrastructure Governance 219 Nanette S. Levinson and Derrick L. Cogburn List of Acronyms 225 References 2 29 Notes on Contributors 259 Index 2 63 Figures 5.1 ICE seizure banner 98 6.1 Direct and indirect regulation 114 9.1 Internet shutdown cases 173 9.2 Russian “Blitzkrieg” laws over the Internet infrastructure (2012–2014) 176 9.3 Variations in the terminology of “critical infrastructure”—US legal debate 185