STUOIEN ZUR SPRACHE, GESCHICHTE UNO KULTUR OERTORKVOLKER BAN012 Barbara Kellner-Heinkele / Elena V. Boykova / Brigitte Heuer (eds.) Man and Nature in the Altaic World Proceedings of the . 49th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Berlin, July30 - August 4,2006 KLAUS SCHWARZ VERLAG •BERLIN BibliografischeInformationder Deutschen Bibliothek DieDeutsche Bibliothekverzeichnetdiese Publikation inder Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte biblio grafische Datenslnd imInternetunter http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. British Library CataloguinginPublication data Acatalogue recordforthis book isavailable fromthe British Library. http://www.bl.uk Library ofCongresscontrol number available http://www.loc.gov © 2012byKlausSchwarzVerlag GmbH www.klaus-schwarz-verlag.com Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthis book maybereprintedorreproducedorutilised inanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans, nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingand recording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrieval system, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Firstedition Producer:J2PBerlin Printed inHungaryonchlorinefreebleachedpaper ISBN978-3-87997-408-5 The Tungusic Plant Names in Primitiae Florae Amurensis, Versuch einer Flora des AmurIandes by Carl Joh, Maximowicz Uwe BIasing n" On November 1827, Carl Johann Maximowicz; one of Imperial Russia's most outstanding botanists, was born in Tula, a small town and centre of iron mining and heavy industry, located 165km tothe south ofMoscow, onthe river Upa. Carl Maximowicz wasof Germandescent. After hehad attended the German Parochial school of St. Anna inSt. Petersburg, he was sentfor his higher educa tion to Dorpat (Tartu) where he studied between 1845 and 1850 successively Medicine and Botany at the famous Kaiserliche Universitdt zu Dorpat(Impera torskij Derptskij Universitet). In 1850, havin¥ taken his degree of Candidate, Maximowicz became Alexander von Bunge's , his teacher in Botany, assistant tothe university's botanical garden. Together with vonBunge a.o.heundertook a first short botanical excursion through Livland in 1852. In the same year, he was finally appointed Keeper of the Herbarium at St. Petersburg's botanical garden. On behalf of this institution he set out at the young age of 26 on an expedition to the Far East, into the region ofthe river Amur in the Sino-Russian borderlands, the suzerainty of which was still an apple of discord between the courts in St. Petersburg and Beijing.2Before the beginning of his long journey around the globe, Maximowicz accompanied Franz Joseph Ruprecht' on a Alexandervon Bunge(*1803,tI890), adisciple ofCarlFriedrich vonLedebour, was ProfessorofBotany atUniversityofKazan. Afterthedeath ofhisteacher, hesucceeded himasProfessorofBotany inDorpat. VonBunge wasregarded asaspecialistforChi nese and Mongolianflora. For moredetailed data concerninghislifeand work,cf.Bret schneider(1898: 323-342). 2 After thetreatyofNerchinsk(1689), accordingtotheagreementsofwhich theAmur region fellentirelyunderChinese suzerainty, theRussians claimed and graduallyoccu pied thePriamur'yeaswellasthePrimorye by"acombinationofencroachment,diplo macy and luck" (Stephan 1996:49) tofinallyannex these territoriestotheEmpire. The spirit inthisgame wasNikolai Nikolaevich Muravyev. For awell-detailedintroduction into thischapterofRussian history, cf.Wong andCole (1966). 3 The AustrianFranz JosephRuprecht(*1814, t1870)worked since 1839inSt.Petersburg, first asKeeperoftheBotanicalMuseum oftheAcademy, thenasAssistantDirectorof 38 UweBiasing botanical excursion through Ingermanland in the north-western part of Russia." On 4th October 1853, however, he embarked in Kronstadt on the frigate Diana.5 The route the Diana took, led via Madeira to Rio de Janeiro, then around Cape Horn to Valparaiso and further to the SandwichIslands (Hawaii) where the news of Russia's war with the Western countries arrived.6Thus, the naval frigate continued on immediatelyto the TatarStrait (Strait ofTartary), the narrow body of water between the island of Sakhalin and the Asian mainland, where Maxi mowicz was landed at the De Castries Bay on 11th July 1854.7 His major aim was now the close investigation and description of the flora of the Amur basin. Here he undertook several trips," sometimes accompanied by the zoologist and geographer Leopold von Schrenck." In July 1856, Maximowicz departed by travelling the Amur upstream to UsC-Strelka.l"Finally, after crossing the vast lands of Siberia, he reached St. Petersburg in March 1857. The results gathered during his expedition are thoroughly documented in the excellent monograph, Primitiae Florae Amurensis, which was published already two years after his return to St. Petersburg, in 1859. In the same year, Maximowicz traveled via Irkutsk again to the Amur. This time, he investigated the southern edge of this river, especially its two most important tributaries, the Sungari and the Ussuri, coming down out of the heart of Manchuria. In 1860, he traversed the Sichote Alin mountain range!' with the destination of the St. Olga Bay.12From here he theBotanicalGarden andfinally hewasappointedDirector oftheBotanicalMuseum; cf. Bretschneider(1898: 623 f). 4 Ingermanlandislocated intheBaltic Searegionbetween theRussian-Estonianboarder andLake Ladoga. 5 The Russiannaval frigate Diana wasonamission toJapan. On23'dDecember 1854this ship would be wrecked byatsunami whenlaying atanchor intheharbourofSimoda, close toJeddo inJapan. 6 The CrimeanWar, lasting from March 1853toApril 1856. 7 Acontemporarydescriptionofthisregion canbefound inthearticle Topographische Skizzeder Gegendzwischen derCastries-Bai unddemAmur, which issupplementedby thetwo verydetailed maps KartederAmurMundung and KartederGegend zwischen demAmurundder DeCastries-Bai 1859(Erman 1860a). 8 Averydetailedfold-up map(29cmx40cm)showing theroutes hefollowed, isattached totheend ofthePrimitiae FloraeAmurensis. 9 LeopoldIvanovichvonSchrenck(*1826, t1894) whoreceived hishighereducationin Tartu, Berlin,and Konigsbergwassentin 1853bytheImperial AcademyofSciences(St. Petersburg)toexplorethe Amurland. In 1856hereturned toSt.Petersburgandpublished theresults ofthisexpeditioninhisworld-famousReisen undForschungen imAmur Lande indenJahren 1854-1856(1858-92). 10 Ust'-Strelka,then not morethanamilitarypost, issituated attheconfluenceofthe rivers Shilkaand Argun, which constitutetheAmur. 11 SichoteAlin, "nichtdicht bewaldeterBerg" (Benzing 1953:33). TungusicPlant NamesinPrimitiae FloraeAmurensis 39 continued his travel by ship along the Manchurian coast to St. Vladimir, Port Possiet at the Korean border in order to investigate the environments of the Victoria Bay13 in September 1860.His next destination was Japan, the flora of which he explored between 1860and 1864.When Maximowicz turned back to Petersburg, he brought with him very rich plant collections containing many new-found species. In1869Maximowicz wasappointed Botanicus Primarius at the Imperial Botanical Garden and Director of the Botanical Museum. On 5lh/16th February 1891, this amiable and industrious man unexpectedly passed away inSt.Petersburg." "He wasofanoble,high-mindednature, ahighlyculti vated scholar in almost every branch of learning, and a gentleman in the truest sense of the word", as Otto Stapf concludes his obituary for Carl Johann Maxi mowicz inThe Journal ofBotany(1891: 118t). Besides hisbook, Primitiae Florae Amurensis, Maximowicz lefttothe scien tific world a long and impressive series of botanical articles, describing hun dreds of plant species, particularly from the Far East. Most of these writings appeared in the Melanges biologiques of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St-Petersbourgi, so for instance the Diagnosesplantarum novarum Japoniae et Mandshuriae in twenty decades (1866-76) and the Diagnoses plantarum novarum Asiaticarum in eight fasciculi (1876-1892).15Inhis later works,Maximowicz occupied himself espe cially with the description of data collected by numerous other botanists and explorers of his days. He began to consider it a duty - as Bretschneider (1898: 1067) reports - to devote the remaining yearsof his life entirely to the working up of interesting collections or examination of botanical specimens, which St. Petersburg's Botanical Garden abundantly received from such renowned contemporaries as for instance Niko1ai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (*1839, t1888), Grigori Nikolaevich Potanin (*1835, tl920), Henry Fletcher Hance 12 Witness tothese adventuroustripsandthecircumstanceswhich ascientistfaced inthose days inRussia'sFar Eastaredescribedinthetwocontributions: Reisedes Botanikers MaksimowitschandenSungari andReisedesBotanikers Maksimowitschnachdemsud lichen Mandjurien (Erman 1860band 1862).ForacontemporarymapofSI.OlgaBay, seeArchivfurdie wissenschaftlicheKundevonRussland, 17,Tafel Ill. 13 VictoriaBayisthename ofthewaters surroundingVladivostok, which wasfounded around 1860/61. 14 ConcerningMaximowicz'slife,cf.Bretschneider(1898: 1066f),Palibin (1901); Venge rov(1917: 114f)and lastbutnotleastAudrey LeLievre'sexcellentcontributionCarl Johann Maximowicz explorerandplant collector which provides uswithinterestingdata sheddinglight onMaximowicz'spersonality. 15 Foracompletelist ofhispublicationsseethechapterMaximowic:'sBotanicalWritings in Bretschneider1898: 1070f)andthereference workTaxonomic Literature(TaxLit3: 382-385). 40 UweBIasing (*1827, t1886) and Philip Franz von Siebold (*1796, t1866), whose Herbarium ofJapanese Plants wasbought bytheRussian Governmentfrom his widow. The Primitiae FloraeAmurensis is- astobe understood from the title, First fruits ofthe AmurFlora - the first work dealing in extenso with the flora of the Amur region. Besides verydetailed botanical descriptions one finds appended to the end of that book a quite long list (Register der einheimischen Pflanren namen) of 370 indigenous plant names from 11 languages or dialects of the region such as Chinese (Chinesisch), Gilyak (Giljakisch), Goldi (Goldisch), Gorin-Tungusic tGorin-tungusischs." Manchu (Mandshurisch), Manegir (Mon jagir),17Olcha (Oltscha), Oroch (Orotsch), Russian (Russisch) and the Ussuri and Sungari dialect of Goldi tUssuri- oder Sungari-Dialekt der Golde). This circumstance makes this botanical reference book also extraordinarily important for the linguistic history of the region because for most of the tongues men tioned, it contains the first, and in some cases, the only reference we possess. However, one ought to know that parts of Primitiae Florae Amurensis were available in a kind of pre-publication. The background of this pre-publication is that Maximowicz first sent sketches and specimens of his materials to St. Peters burg where hisfriend, Franz Joseph Ruprecht, edited them and made them avail able to the scientific world in 1857 in the Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathe matique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St-Petersbourg (15: 120-144, 209-211).18 Due to the importance and topicality of the information these contributions were re-published - unaltered and under the same title - in Melanges Biologiques, tires du Bulletin physico-mathematique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St-Petersbourg (2: 407-422, 472-474) and in the legendaryArchivfur die wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland, better known as ErmansArchiv (17: 104-144, 145-147). From Maximowicz's comprehensive material- inits hand-written form ital ready was used by Grube for compiling his Goldisch-Deutsches Worterverzeich nis (1900) - in this frame I can elucidate just a very small number of items. These are the terms designating maple trees (Acer L., germ. Ahorn, rus. klen). The reason for this selection is that three of these names - having a Tungusic background- were introducedby Maximowicz intothe BotanicalNomenclature for sorts of maples seeming to benew species andthusdeserving aname of their own. Two of these names are stillin use,the third one howeverbecame obsolete very quickly. The indigenous names for the maple trees - according to the 16 Spoken attheriverGorin; alsocalledSamaghirorSamar,s.Lopatin (1958:430) and especiallySchmidt(19282:219). 17 ThedesignationMonjagirisnotentirelyclear.Probablyit represents thenameManegir (orKumar), adialect whichisrelated toSolon (seeDoerfer 1978:23). 18 Dieersten botanischenNachrichten uberdasAmurland, ErsteAbteilung: Beobachtungen von C.Maximowicz, redigiert vomAkademikerRuprecht(Lule7novembre 1856). Tungusic PlantNamesinPrimitiaeFloraeAmurensis 41 register part of Primitiae Florae Amurensis (Maximowicz 1859: 497-500) - are inparticular: bultucha tGoldisch, Ssungari)- Acertataricum dedjgula, deditla(Oltscha, Goldisch, Orotsch) - Acerspicatum ginnala (Oltscha, Goldisch)- Acertataricum moktscheld, m6ktschola (Goldisch) - moktschohong tGoldisch, Ssungari) - Acer tegmentosum mono (Goldisch, Oltscha)- AcerMono pachtigrsch (Giljakisch)- AcerMono" tebbrhe (Giljakisch)- Acerspicatum We will start with those names making part of the International Botanical Nomenclature. The first one is mono, which, according to Maximowicz, is attested in Goldi and Olcha (Goldisch, Oltscha). This maple species can be briefly described as a rounded, deciduous tree with five to seven lobed bright green, almost heart-shaped, leaves that turn yellow in autumn. Yellow flowers onerect umbels appear withthe leaves,but attimes without the leaves. Itistypi cal for East Asia, where its habitat isin China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and the eastern parts ofRussia (seeBackyard Gardener). The first scientific name ofthistree,presumably given byMaximowiczhim self, was "acerMono", where theTungusic word isthe epitheton specificum, i.e. the species designation. It was first mentioned in the Bulletin de la Classe Phy sico-Mathematiquede l'AcademieImperiale des Sciences de St-Petersbourg, 15 (1856/7): 126. In Grube's Goldi dictionary, one meets this term only in the Deutsch-goldischerIndex asmono, a 'kind of maple, Acer Mono' (1900: 123b), whereas itismissing inthe mainpartofthework. Surveying more recent sources - especially Cincius' Comparative Diction ary (Sravnitel'nyj slovar' tunguso-man'ciurskix jazykov, I: 545a) we see that this maple name has a relatively dense distribution among the Southern Tun gusic languages. In all,wefind thefollowing ensemble offorms: Nanai (Najxin) mono, (Bikin, Kur-Urmi) mono - (Bikin) munu, Oltcha mono(n) (Petrova 1936: 138a; Sunik 1985: 213b; Razgovornik 1993: 21), Oroch mono (according to Leontovich 1895; seeSchmidt 19281: 46b), Udighe (Xor, Samarga) mono (Snej der 1936: 52a; Kormusin 261b), Negidal (Upper Amur) monon, Evenki (Urmi) monon;20 see alsoDmitrieva(1972: 192).As modem literary standard Onenko et 19 Though outside thescopeofthiscontribution,1wouldliketoshedsomelightvery superficiallyonthetwoGiIyak,i.e.Nivkhterms.Thefirstone,pachtigrsch (Giljakisch) "Acer Mono", literally means"stone-wood". Thetwolexicalcomponents formingthis compoundareNivkhpax 'stone' andtivs'tree, wood' (NivR 1970:255b,353b).The secondnameistebbrhe(Giljakisch)"Acerspicatum", obviously reflecting insomeway Nivkh tevyay 'maple' (NivR 1970:346b). 20 TheManchu molomoo 'maple tree' andmolo-rimoo'kiparis',byCincius (I: 153a)in cluded intothischain ofTungusic forms,isphonetically,however,notcompatible with 42 UweBIasing at. (1980: 268a) 21 cite Nanai monon /mon6/ 'maple tree', which clearly represents the Naixin dialectal form. Here one must add Oroch miinotn) "cernyj klen,,22 (Avrorin and Lebedeva 1978: 205a), Nanai (Bikin-Ussuri) (mono -) mosu"klen melkolistnyj'r'" (Sem 1976: 172b)and (Monjagir) monon.The latter, given by Maximowicz (1859: 499a), semantically differs slightly from the others by designating not a species of Acer but "Ulmus campestris". The two attestations from Negidal and Evenki, however, can hardly serve as prooffor the term's existence in Northern Tungusic too, since the relevant dialects (Upper Amur and Urmi) are interwoven into the sphere of Southern Tungusic"Inother words, they are the subject of internal interaction. From the areal point of view, the spread of terms is- unlike itsrichdocumentation- quite limited. Concerning the deeperetymology of Southern Tungusic *monon, no reliable data is available so far. Thus it is not possible to determine whether the under lying etymon indeed is of genuine Tungusic origin or rather aloan from another, possibly an older unknown (substrate?) language, since living neighbouring tongues as for instanceChinese, Mongolian, orNivkh do not provide any usable link. Ransacking the Tungusic language family itself, one could be inclined to connectthis name with the word for 'tree',Tungusic *mo(c.f. EDAL2003: 956; Cincius I: 540f), what however due to the different vowel length seems very unlikely, unless we assume that the length once was shortened except in the two dialectal forms from Oroch and Nanai (see above). But in this case, the question arises concerningthe interpretation ofthe remaining segment -notn). The attempt to relate mono to Japanese moniji [sic!] (see Genaust 1983: 393a) must be rejected because the given form is simply wrong. The correct name for the maple in Japanese is Modern-Japanese (Tokyo) momiji, (Kyoto) momiji, (Kagoshima) momiji, Middle-Japanese momidi (cf. EDAL 2003: 1004) which cannotetymologicallybe related with Southern Tungusic *monon. The second maple name regarding the botanical nomenclature is gfnnala, attested by Maximowiczin the index (1859: 498a), likewise for Goldi and Olcha (Goldisch, Oltscha). In the descriptive main part of his work, however, he gives evidence only from Goldi ("Goldis: ginnala"); see also Grube 1900: 35a. In Maximowitsch and Ruprecht (1858: 113) the maple is botanically specified as Acer ginnala (Maxim.) but in the Primitiae florae as Acer tataricum L. Back ground of this change are Regel's annotations (1858: 157) showing that them. According toSchmidt (1933:370b)Manchumalo (moo) isaborrowing, reflecting Chinese Tml.1it*pu luomu 'Name einesBaumes'. 21 SeealsoPetrova(1960:83a). 22 Lit. 'blackmaple';cemyjWin istheRussianequivalentofAcernigrum (cf.Macura 1982: 228). 23 Lit. 'small-leavedmaple' =Acermono(cf. Macura 1982:228). 24 FromtheNorthtungusicweknowEwenkiacakta 'klen','rjabina'.Negidalacakta 'klen' (Boldyrev 1994: 158b.Dmitrieva 1972:192). TungusicPlantNamesinPrimitiae FloraeAmurensis 43 A. ginnala isonly avariety ("nur eineSpielart") ofA. tataricum, aspecies which long since was known inbotany andfrom which specimens could befound even in the botanical garden in St. Petersburg. According to recent classifications, we find the term ginnala today in the role of an infraspecific epithet, i.e., as the designation of the subspecies in Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm. (see Zander 2000: 152)?5 The Amur maple isamulti-stemmed, deciduous smalltree or shrub that typi cally grows 15'to 20' (3to 6m)tall.Multiple trunks arecommon. Smallclusters of yellowish white flowers in spring are followed by red, two-winged samaras which often persist into late autumn or winter. Unlike most other maples, the flowers of the Amur maple are fragrant (see Missouri Botanical Garden). Its habitat comprises Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, China, as well as Korea, Japan, and Mongolia. As for the spread and distribution of the term within Tungusic, it is solely attested from Nanai. Cincius (I: 153a) lists the form ginelii 'maple' recorded from the Naixin dialect. Onenko (1980: 106a), however, gives as written stan dard ginelsn /ginala 'maple', a form slightly differing with respect to vowel quantity in the last syllable. Due to the complete absence of evidence in the other Tungusic languages, one could suspect that this term is an alien element. Zander (1993: 632) already pointed atthe Tungusic origin of ginnala as a bota nical term. Genaust's (1983: 266b)attemptto linkthisterm toJapanesegin 'sil ver' +ndra 'oak-tree' islinguistically speakingmorethandoubtful. The remaining maple names inabird's-eye view. dedjgula - dediila ('Oltschis et Goldis'), dedyld ('Orotchis'i6is the name whose botanical use became obsolete veryquickly. More precisely speaking, we find it taxonomically only in the material pre-published as Epitheton specificum in Acer Dedyle (Maxim.), where obviously the Oroch form is recruited (Maxi mowitsch and Ruprecht 1858: 111 f). Later in the Primitiae florae Amurensis the tree is named Acer spicatum Lam. This goes back to Regel, who had examined specimen sent by Maximowicz and came to the conclusion that Acer Dedyle tallies with the plant in North America, i.e., Acer spicatum Lam., 'so that we cannot find a distinction giving reason for the postulation of even a single variety' (RegeI1858: 156). = 25 Inanglophonemouth thiswordsounds/jinnala/, i.e.,gi- lji-!andaccent shifttothe second syllable. 26 SeeMaximowicz 1859:66.Intheregisterpartofthisworkwefinddedjgula - dedula tOltscha. Goldisch, Orotschisch). 44 UweBIasing Alongside Maximowicz's attestation (see also Grube 1900: 84a), the only evidence we have so far is Oroch jiejvla (Cincius I: 254b; Dmitrieva 1972: 192)- jeejula 'belyjkten,27 (Avrorin- Lebedeva 1978: 183a). moktschelii - moktschola (Goldisch), moktschohong (Goldisch, Ssungari Dialekt) "Acer tegrnentosum"." More specific information Maximowicz gives in connection with the description of the tree (1859: 66), where he communi cates that moktschohon (sic!) is common under the Goldi population at the mouth of Sungari ("Bei den Goldi an der Ssungari-Mundung") and moktscheld, moktschola at the Amur downstream the junction with the Ussuri ("unterhalb der Ussuri-Mundungvj.f" Looking around for a link within Tungusic, one encounters very similar forms like Nanai mokcoxali "vid drevovidnogo rastenija s tonkoj pestroj koroj", 'baumartiges Gewachs mit einer dunnen, scheckigen Rinde' (Onenko 1980: 266a) and Udighe mogdoxoli 'a kind of maple' (Schmidt 19281: 46b; Cincius I:542a; Dmitrieva 1972: 192).One ofthe main characteris tics ofthis maple tree isthe whitish orsilveryfurrows inthe trunk andbranches. Maybe its so-called "snake-like bark" is the background of the name in Goldi. Under this assumption it seems possible to interpret the Nanai forms as deriva tivesfrom Nanai mokco, mokco 'bent, curved, twisted; sinuous, tortuous' (Grube 1900: 118b; Onenko 1980: 266a), thus "snake-like"?OBut how about Udighe? Regarding its sound pattern (-gd-) this form does not regularly tally with Nanai mokco; btdtucha (Goldisch, Ssungari-Dialekii "Acer tataricum" is according to Maximowicz (1859: 67) used in Goldi, especially among the tribes living at the mouth of the Sungari ("ad Ssungari ostium"). From the same region Richard Maack however communicates the slightly differing form bulduchd (cf. Maack and Ruprecht 1858: 203). Apart from these attestations, the only evidence for this term, known to me, is Nanai bultuxs. "klen man'czurskij":" attested by Zaksor (2001: 17) who interprets this name as a metaphor based on the comparison with Nanai bulte. 1. 'cartilage, gristle' 2. 'a plant, not yet grown strong' 3. 'unpractical person'. From the semantical point of view this attempt seems not very trustworthy. 27 Lit. 'whitemaple'; accordingtoMacura(1982: 227)belyjWin isused inthe Russian taxonomical nomenclaturefor Acer pseudoplatanus. 28 Not tobe found inGrube's Worterverzeichnis (l900)! 29 InMaack and Ruprecht(1858: 201)weadditionallyencountermokzafdla("Bei denGoldi ander Usuri-Mundung") which wasobviouslyrecordedbyRichardMaackhimself(see also belowsubbUltucha). 30 Shouldmokcoxalibe acompoundconsistingofNanai mokco +xala 'thecollarpartofa dog'sharness,horseharness' (Onenko 1980:446 b)? 31 This isthe Manchurianmaple, Acer mandshuricum(Macura1982:228).