BETWEEN PERFORMANCE AND PARTICIPATION: THE TIME OF ACTION IN HANNAH ARENDT by HANNA LIPKIND A THESIS Presented to the Department of Philosophy and the Graduate school of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts December 2013 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Hanna Lipkind Title: Between Performance and Participation: The Time of Action in Hannah Arendt This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of Philosophy by: Dr. Bonnie Mann Chair Dr. Rocío Zambrana Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded December 2013 ii © 2013 Hanna Lipkind iii THESIS ABSTRACT Hanna Lipkind Master of Arts Department of Philosophy December 2013 Title: Between Performance and Participation: The Time of Action in Hanna Arendt This thesis takes up the debate between the agonal and deliberative interpretations of Hannah Arendt’s conception of political action. In it, I redeem the model of action as performance found in her descriptions of agonal politics and pull emphasis away from the deliberative model of communicative action on the basis of Arendt’s ontology of temporality and her account of the witnessing and judging spectatorship that preserves the meaningfulness of human events against oblivion. I find the danger of this loss of meaning accounted for by the agonal model in the syncopated relationship between spectator and actor. The deliberative model of communicative action, however, collapses the roles of actor and spectator into the uniform role of participant and replaces experiential grounds of legitimacy with atemporal rational grounds. Communicative action is unable to account for the public realm as a space of endurance and skirts the ontological stakes of Arendt’s agonal politics. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Hanna Lipkind GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene State University of New York at Buffalo DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Arts, Philosophy, 2013, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, 2009, State University of New York at Buffalo Bachelor of Fine Arts, Theatre, 2009, State University of New York at Buffalo AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Continental Philosophy, Phenomenology, Existentialism, Critical Theory PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Teaching assistant, Department of Philosophy, University of Oregon, Eugene. 2011-2013 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Graduate Teaching Fellowship, Philosophy, 2011-2013 Performing and Creative Arts Scholarship, Honors College, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2005-2009 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 II. THE AGONAL/DELIBERATIVE DIVIDE .................................................................6 III. NATALITY AND THE TEMPORALITY OF ACTION ...........................................18 IV. COMMUNICATIVE ACTION AND TEMPORALITY ............................................48 Concluding Remarks ..............................................................................................54 REFERENCES CITED ......................................................................................................57 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION There is a notable and deceptive distinction between the way that Hannah Arendt thematizes action in the Human Condition, on the one hand, and On Revolution and Crises of the Republic, on the other. The distinction – attributable to the difference between the ancient and modern historical anchors employed in each text – has invited those who critically dismiss Arendt’s account of action in the Greek polis to reclaim Arendt as a relevant political thinker in light of the value of her later work to a conception of deliberative democratic politics. The interpretations of Jürgen Habermas, Seyla Benhabib, and Maurizio d’Entrèves similarly rehearse the move of redeeming later Arendt by fitting her concepts of power, acting in concert, and her reading of Kant’s sensus communis into a model of deliberative politics. By trading the model of an agonal politics of performance, found in the Human Condition, for a deliberative politics of participation, these theorists lay claim to an egalitarian and tenably modern reading of Arendt. The upshot of such a move, however, is the loss of action as performance, or rather, a reduction of action as speech and deed (or speech-as-deed) to argumentative discourse, and the correlate collapse of the relationship between actor and spectator that is constitutive of the public realm as a space of revelatory appearance. The model of public action as participation in a discourse brackets the theatrical element to its detriment, and it is my contention that this move fails to grasp the ontological category of natality and the temporal role it plays at the basis of Arendt’s political thought. It is my further worry that it preserves, rather than mitigates, the modern disharmony between the vita activa and the vita contemplativa, the “active life” and the “life of the mind.” 1 Arendt’s ontology situates the human condition between the finitude of earthly existence and the infinite capacities for forgetting and beginning anew. The “fact” of natality – that is, the fact that the world is constantly disrupted by the coming into being of new and uninitiated human beings – is the common ground of both freedom and oblivion in Arendt’s work. As freedom, natality is actualized in respect to two functions of action: the initiation of something new and unpredictable, and the disclosure of “who” one is. The opportunity for agency and self-disclosure thus often become the broad criteria of action in democratic theory drawn from Arendt. Habermas, Benhabib, and D'Entrèves, for example, each make the case for a politics of deliberative participation on the basis of these criteria. At the same time, however, natality’s promise of new possibilities continually threatens the public realm with its own loss. For continuity and endurance, the common world of the public hinges on the particular – on the life of the mind of each individual member of a plurality to recollect, understand, and save what has come to pass from the wreckage of time. For it to endure, the public realm of action must prepare individuals to thing from within the temporal-historical gap they occupy during the course of their lifetime. Insofar as the deliberative model of discursive public space entails a realm of agency and recognition, it actualizes natality as a promise of freedom. It does not, however, account for the aspect of public life that safeguards against oblivion by preparing the individual for the task of thinking “in” time. That is, it lacks spectatorship. My goal in the following paper is to develop from Arendt’s concepts of natality, action, and thought an understanding of the public realm as the meeting place of the active life and the life of the mind. By responding directly to the deliberative readings of 2 Arendt, I hope to bring to light the importance of spectatorship to her characterization of action as performance, and highlight the particular dangers of communicative action’s atemporal and rationalistic criteria for political praxis. The double bind of natality places a clear burden on the political actor and spectating judge to adhere to historical (i.e. experiential), and not rational, grounds of legitimacy. Arendt suggests that this burden has only become weightier since the modern age has propelled humankind into a world marked by unprecedented change and increasing momentum, on the one hand, and the failure of thought to grasp the meaning of new events, on the other. The possibility that we may be “forever be unable to understand, that is, to think and speak about the things which nevertheless we are able to do” is the informing dread behind Arendt’s seminal exhumation, so to speak, of the vita activa.1 The hope for a space of continuity as such lies in a balanced relationship between the previously opposed worlds of thought and action. I begin with the agonal/deliberative divide and briefly emphasize aspects of this debate in Arendt literature, largely from the standpoint of D’Entrèves assessment in the Political Philosophy of Hannah Arendt. His account is particularly fruitful because he operates from the position that the agonal and the deliberative models are irreducibly separate politics, grounded in two irreducibly separate conceptualizations of action: “expressive” and “communicative” action. He, Benhabib, and Habermas each adopt a deliberative politics, comprised of communicative action, in response to severe contentions with Arendt’s appeal to antiquity in her account of expressive action. They defend a deliberative politics of participation as model of political legitimacy on the basis of unhindered, egalitarian, and reciprocal communication. A politics of performance, 1 Hannah Arendt. The Human Condition. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 3. 3 supported, for example, by Dana Villa and Paul Kottman, accounts for the legitimacy of public speech precisely because it is performative and not deliberational. They appeal to Arendt’s ontology of appearance, which grasps action as a confirmation and a becoming. Action instantiates its own self-legitimizing structure of reference, by virtue of its appearance in the light of the public. In the second section, I return to Arendt’s recovery of the vita activa from its traditional subordination to philosophical contemplation in the Human Condition. I briefly discuss the role of the public realm and its relation to a worldly conceptualization of reality. From the perspective of the active life, being is appearing. It is not the contemplating eye of the mind, as with Plato’s philosopher, but the physical eyes and ears of the witnessing public that lends the “feeling” of reality to the event. Arendt’s recovery of the active life closes by hinting at a similar retrieval of an originary constellation of the life of the mind, unbound to its traditional characterization as eternal thought, and its modern formulation as the scientific method. The vita contemplativa proper can be understood in relation to vita activa proper as the form of judgment embodied in the figures of the spectator of the theatrum mundi. The public space of the theatrum mundi, however, constrains the thinking space of judgment. Where natality refers to the fact that the world must reckon with a “constant influx of newcomers who are born into the world as strangers” then in order for a public realm to sustain itself non-coercively, it must cultivate the faculty of judgment of each newcomer in such a way that allows each individual to bridge for themselves the space between past and future.2 In this task, the difference between the disclosure of rationally determined facts and arguments, found in 2 Arendt, the Human Condition, 9. 4