Jesse P. Nickel The Things that Make for Peace Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Edited by Matthias Konradt, Judith Lieu, Laura Nasrallah, Jens Schröter and Gregory E. Sterling Volume 244 Jesse P. Nickel The Things that Make for Peace Jesus and Eschatological Violence ISBN 978-3-11-070241-5 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-070377-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-070387-0 ISSN 0171-6441 Library of Congress Control Number: 2020946765 Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; Detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com For Liana Come,Ochildren,listentome; IwillteachyouthefearoftheLord. Whichofyoudesireslife, andcovetsmanydaystoenjoygood? Keepyourtonguefromevil, andyourlipsfromspeakingdeceit. Departfromevil,anddogood; seekpeace,andpursueit. Psalm34:11–14 Thenjusticewilldwellinthewilderness, andrighteousnessabideinthefruitfulfield. Theeffectofrighteousnesswillbepeace, andtheresultofrighteousness,quietnessandtrustforever. Isaiah32:16–17 Blessedarethepeacemakers,fortheywillbecalledchildrenofGod. Matthew5:9 Contents Preface & Acknowledgements XV Chapter 1 Violence, Eschatology, and the Lifeand Ministry of Jesus 1 . Introduction 1 .. The Status Quaestionis and Identification of the Problem 3 .. The Intentions of this Study 7 . Methodology: a “Historical Jesus” or “Synoptic” Study? 8 .. The Methodological Challenge 8 .. Keith, “The Narratives of the Gospels and the Historical Jesus”: A Way Forward? 9 ... Historical Jesus Scholarship and the “Interpreted” Jesus of the Gospels 12 .. The Approach of the Present Study 14 ... Two Necessary Clarifications 16 . History of Research 18 .. The Roots of the Problem 19 ... Hermann Samuel Reimarus 19 ... Johannes Weiss and Albert Schweitzer 19 ... Rudolf Bultmann 21 ... S. G. F. Brandon 22 ... Responses to Brandon 24 .. Violenceand Eschatology in the “Third Quest” 25 ... E. P. Sanders 26 ... Richard Horsley 27 ... Walter Wink 28 ... The Jesus Seminar 29 .... John Dominic Crossan 30 .... Marcus J. Borg 31 ... Dale C. Allison, Jr. 32 ... The Lingering Presence of the Schweitzerian Paradigm 34 .. Summary 35 . Definitions of Important Terms 36 .. Eschatology 36 .. The Kingdom of God 38 .. Violence 41 .. Eschatological Violence 47 . Outline of the Present Study 49 X Contents Chapter 2 Violence in Second Temple Jewish Eschatological Writings 52 . Introduction 52 . The Book of Daniel 53 .. Passages of Particular Significance 54 .. Violence in the Book of Daniel 56 .. The Role of God’s People 59 . 1 Enoch 63 .. The “Animal Apocalypse” (1En. 85–90) 64 .. The “Apocalypse of Weeks” (1En. 93:1–10; 91:11–17) 67 . The War Scroll (1QM) 70 .. The Violence of the Eschatological Culmination in 1QM 73 .. The Synergistic Eschatological Violence of 1QM 74 .. The Eschatological Enemy in 1QM 77 . Summary and Conclusions 79 Chapter 3 Eschatologically-Motivated Violence in Second Temple Jewish History 81 . Introduction 81 . The Maccabean Revolt 82 .. The Outbreak and Initial Goals of the Maccabean Revolt 84 .. Language of Eschatological Deliverance in 1 and 2 Maccabees 85 .. The Synergistic Violence of the Maccabean Success 87 . The Jewish-Roman War 89 .. Josephus as Historical Source 91 .. Josephus’s Depiction of the Revolutionary Jews 94 .. Josephus on Jewish Motivations for Revolt 99 . The Bar Kokhba Revolt 104 .. Factors that Led to Revolt 106 .. Ideological Insight from Numismatics 107 .. The Eschatological Significance of Bar Kokhba, לארסי איסנ 110 . Summary and Conclusions 113 Chapter 4 Jesus and Revolutionary Violence 116 . Introduction 116 . Discussion of Key Synoptic Pericopae 118 .. “I did not come to bring peace, but a sword” (Matt 10:34) 118 ... The Seditious Reading 118 ... Critique of the Seditious Reading 119 ... Matthew 10:34 and Eschatological Conflict 121