Mono213_FM.qxd 3/8/05 5:53 PM Page i Colección Támesis SERIE A: MONOGRAFÍAS, 213 THE THEATRE OF ANTONIO BUERO VALLEJO IDEOLOGY, POLITICS AND CENSORSHIP This monograph examines the complex relationship between Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916–2000) and the ideologies of Francoist and post- Franco Spain. The central focus of the study is Buero’s political theatre and his employment of myth and history to challenge the notion of an España eterna. It also considers Buero’s creation of his own myths and his revision of history in order to rationalize and justify his own stance. Censorship, both official and environmental, was the principal point of contact between writer and regime. The decisions made by Buero Vallejo in his determination to write and stage committed drama in a repressive society are evaluated here. Rejecting the more provocative stance of some other committed dramatists, as well as the position of those who resolved to ignore the political and social reality, Buero’s choice, with its inherent contradictions and ambiguities, was posibil- ismo. This book looks at his pragmatic employment of language and silence, both in his art and in his dealings with the censors and with other representatives of the hegemony and analyses how posibilismo both aided and limited him. The monograph also gives an account of Buero’s post-Franco theatre, which to date has not received the attention that it merits. It examines the reasons for its initial negative reception and its renewed importance in today’s Spain. Buero’s post-Franco insistence on rejecting the pacto de olvidois perhaps more relevant now than ever before. CATHERINE O’LEARY lectures in Spanish at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. Mono213_FM.qxd 3/8/05 5:53 PM Page ii Mono213_FM.qxd 3/8/05 5:53 PM Page iii THE THEATRE OF ANTONIO BUERO VALLEJO IDEOLOGY, POLITICS AND CENSORSHIP Catherine O’Leary TAMESIS Mono213_FM.qxd 3/8/05 5:53 PM Page iv © Catherine O’Leary 2005 The right of Catherine O’Leary to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All Rights Reserved.Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner First published 2005 by Tamesis, Woodbridge ISBN 1 85566 111 X Tamesis is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. 668 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, USA website: www.boydellandbrewer.com A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data O’Leary, Catherine, 1971- The theatre of Antonio Buero Vallejo : ideology, politics and censorship / Catherine O’Leary. p. cm. – (Colección Támesis. Serie A, Monografías ; v. 213) Summary: “This monograph examines the complex relationship between Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916–2000) and the ideologies of Francoist and post-Franco Spain”–Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85566-111-X (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Buero Vallejo, Antonio, 1916—Criticism and interpretation. 2. Buero Vallejo, Antonio, 1916—Political and social views. 3. Censorship–Spain–History–20th century. I. Title. PQ6603.U4Z825 2005 862(cid:1).64–dc22 2005003446 This publication is printed on acid-free paper Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Limited, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk Mono213_FM.qxd 3/8/05 5:53 PM Page v CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 1 The Ideology of Francoism 5 2 Language and Silence 51 3 Buero Vallejo and Theatre Censorship 68 4 Posibilismo 112 5 History, Myth and Demythification 140 6 Ideology in Buero Vallejo’s Theatre 172 7 Theatre and the Transition to Democracy 200 8 The Post-Franco Theatre of Buero Vallejo 221 Conclusion 249 List of Plays 259 List of Appendices 261 Bibliography 299 Index 318 Mono213_FM.qxd 3/8/05 5:53 PM Page vi Mono213_FM.qxd 3/8/05 5:53 PM Page vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to Dr Philip Johnston (University College, Dublin) and Prof. Victor Dixon (Trinity College, Dublin) for their support, advice and encourage- ment in the completion of this book. Thanks are also due to many other people who helped me. In particular, I wish to thank Dr Catherine Leen and Mr Denis O’Leary for reading drafts of the book, Ms Ana Vargas for proofreading the Spanish language sections, and Ms Sinéad Conlan for her help in the preparation of the manuscript. I would like to thank the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, Archivo General de la Administración (Alcalá de Henares) for permission to reproduce documents from the censorship archives, and the Archive staff for their efficiency and help; D. Moisés Pérez Coterillo, Director of the Centro de Documentación Teatral of INAEM, and Ms Maureen Fynn, Theatre Secretary at the Chester Gateway Theatre, who were kind enough to send me information in response to my queries. My thanks are also due to my colleagues at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. I am grateful to the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (with An Roinn Oideachais) for the funding that enabled me to travel to Spain in 1998–99 to undertake the research on which this book is based. I would like to acknow- ledge the financial assistance that I received from the Publications Committee of the National University of Ireland and from the Department of Spanish, NUI Maynooth. I would also like to thank Ms Ellie Ferguson of Tamesis Books for her skilful guidance in the preparation of this book. Finally, a special word of gratitude is due to my family and friends for their generosity, understanding and unfailing encouragement. Parts of Chapters 1 and 8 appeared in different versions in Teatro: Revista de Estudios Teatrales, 19 (December 2003) and in Cultural Memory: Essays on European Literature and History, ed. by Edric Caldicott and Anne Fuchs (Bern: Peter Lang, 2003). Mono213_FM.qxd 3/8/05 5:53 PM Page viii Mono213_Intro.qxd 3/8/05 9:26 AM Page 1 Introduction Ofendería, insultaría a los conocimientos y a la inteligencia de ustedes si dijera que, para lograr grandes obras de creación, hay que trabajar en libertad total. Pues todos sabemos que bajo las peores situaciones – antes me lo he permitido recordar – también se han dado creaciones extraordinarias. Yasí sucedió también, sin libertad, en la anterior situación española.1 Antonio Buero Vallejo, who died on 28 April 2000, was the most important Spanish dramatist of the post-Civil War period. In his long career as a play- wright, Buero published thirty original plays. Only three of these have never been performed.2This book focuses on the committed dramas and therefore has little to say about certain plays such as El terror inmóvil, La señal que se espera (1952), Madrugada (1953), Hoy es fiesta (1955), Irene, o el tesoro (1954) and Una extraña armonía, which do not deal with the themes of history, myth and ideology and contain only very limited social comment. It concentrates instead on an analysis of the more political dramas as the basis for an investi- gation of Buero’s engagement with the ideologies of Francoism and of post- Franco Spain. Despite his Republican allegiances, Buero Vallejo was the most commercially successful dramatist of the Franco era. In the 1950s, Buero was hailed as the saviour of the Spanish theatre and praised for the social realism of his work and for his exposé of the tragedy of a divided Spain. He was condemned by others, however, particularly as his success and reputation grew, for what was seen as his capitulation to the pressures of censorship and finally for coming to form a part of the Francoist Establishment, lending his prestige to the regime by accept- ing its honours. Thus his dedication to social drama and his opposition to the regime were brought into question. Yet, while he was at times damned for his silences by some of his contemporaries, so too was he denounced for his words by Franco’s censors. 1 Antonio Buero Vallejo, Obra Completa, ed. by Luis Iglesias Feijoo and Mariano de Paco, Clásicos Castellanos Nueva Serie, 2 vols (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994), II, 497–8. Further references to these volumes are given after quotations in the text. 2 El terror inmóvil(1949), Una extraña armonía(1956) and Mito(1967). Both Mitoand Un extraña armoníawere authorized for staging by the censorship authorities but, according to the Obra Completa, have never been staged. All of the dates given for the plays refer to the date of composition.