THE TEXTUAL TRADITION OF EXPLICIT QUOTATIONS IN CODEX BEZAE CANTABRIGIENSIS OF THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES by Ronald Henry van der Bergh Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor Divinitatis (DD) in the Faculty of Theology Department of New Testament Studies University of Pretoria Promoter: Prof. Dr. Gert J. Steyn August 2013 ©© UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPrreettoorriiaa SUMMARY This dissertation examines to what extent the transmission history of Codex Bezae’s Greek text of Acts shows awareness of the explicit quotations’ Old Testament origin, and to what extent this awareness played a role in the final formation of this manuscript’s text. The dissertation limits itself to explicit quotations from the Psalms, Isaiah and the Minor Prophets. Each explicit Old Testament quotation of these three books is discussed in the order of their appearance in Codex Bezae. In these discussions, special attention is paid to the layout of the text of the manuscript, the introductory formula of each explicit quotation and the text of each quotation as it appears in the codex. The aim of this discussion is to discern whether the variant readings and layout of the manuscript (i.e., variant as opposed to other Greek New Testament manuscripts) show Old Testament awareness or possible influence from the OT as opposed to the “initial” text of the New Testament. The variant readings of Codex Bezae are therefore measured against the pertinent Old Testament traditions (Hebrew, Greek and Latin). The aim of this investigation is to determine whether Old Testament awareness played any role in the formation of the text of Codex Bezae, not necessarily to solve textual difficulties in the given explicit quotations. By paying close attention to the awareness of the Old Testament in the Bezan tradition, an opportunity is afforded to gl impse into the stages of the transmission history of this text, to learn more about its users and the users of the text of previous manuscripts in its tradition, and to discover more about how the Old Testament was perceived in the early stages of Christianity. KEY TERMS: Codex Bezae; textual criticism; manuscript; explicit quotation; Old Testament awareness; “Western” text; introductory formula; layout; translation; transmission history ii ©© UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPrreettoorriiaa ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to a number of individuals and institutions which helped me in different ways and at different times during the writing of this study: − Dr. Bill Warren and the staff at the Center for New Testament Textual Studies at the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary (NOBTS), for my first thorough introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism in 2008 – as well as a most enjoyable stay in the Crescent City. − The Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD), for providing a research grant that allowed me to stay a total of sixteen months in Germany in 2010-2011 (Dortmund and Münster). − The Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung (INTF) at the Westfälische Wilhelms- Universität Münster, for providing access to the necessary resources to complete my project. I could not have written this project without access to the collations made for the new Editio Critica Maior of Acts, which is currently in preparation at this fine institute. − The staff at the INTF, for providing a stimulating milieu in which to work. I am especially grateful to Prof. Dr. Holger Strutwolf for taking me under his wing as a DAAD exchange student. Other members of the INTF staff contributed to this project in a variety of ways. I am thankful for insightful discussions with Dr. Georg Gäbel, Nikolai Kiel, Dr. Marie-Luise Lakmann, Prof. Dr. Ulrich Schmid, and Dr. Klaus Wachtel. Dr. Lakmann further deserves my gratitude for making me part of the Kollationsteam: I have learned a lot from the experience and from my fellow collators. Lastly, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Siegfried Richter who, at the expense of his own time, introduced me to the basics of the Coptic language. − Prof. Dr. Martin Karrer, Johannes de Vries and Dr. Marcus Sigismund of the Kirchliche Hochschule Wuppertal/Bethel, for their continued encouragement and interest in this project. − The University of Pretoria, for providing a grant through their Postgraduate Study Abroad Programme that allowed me to stay a total of four months for a second research visit to Germany in 2012-2013 (Berlin). iii ©© UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPrreettoorriiaa − Prof. Dr. Cilliers Breytenbach and the staff at the Institut für Christentum und Antike at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, for providing access to the resources of this institute and its library. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Breytenbach for the time he has set aside for discussion during my visit to Berlin, his excellent advice, and the learning opportunities he has created during my time there. − My colleagues at the Department of Ancient Languages at the University of Pretoria, for their kind and continued assistance. At some time or another, each of them helped bear the burden of this project. I am especially grateful for the opportunity to take extended leave during my research visit to Germany in 2010-2011, but they have also lightened my teaching load (and my mood!) on many other occasions. − Prof. Dr. Gert J. Steyn, for his excellent advice, encouragement and assistance. My gratitude stretches far beyond this dissertation: Prof. Steyn also instilled in me (as in many of his students) a love for the Greek Old Testament. − My parents, Jan and Cornelia Lewis, for their continued and unconditional support during all of my tertiary studies. − My wife, Sheree Lear, for her enthusiastic support and encouragement. She has been a stalwart voice of reason throughout the last stages of this project, and has made invaluable suggestion s after reading through an entire draft of the manuscript. iv ©© UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPrreettoorriiaa ABBREVIATIONS Aside from the standard abbreviations for manuscripts and textual witnesses as found in eclectic editions of the New Testament and the Old Testament, the following abbreviations are used throughout the dissertation: BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia BHQ Biblia Hebraica Quinta D05 / d05 Codex Bezae (Greek and Latin columns, respectively) DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert ECM Editio Critica Maior Fol Folio INTF Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung (Münster) l Lectionary (manuscript) LXX Septuagint LXXGött Göttingen edition(s) of the Septuagint MT Masoretic Text NA27 / NA28 27th or 28th edition of Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece NT New Testament OT Old Testament P Papyrus PG Migne’s Patrologia Graeca P. Oxy. Papyrus Oxyrhynchus SBL Society of Biblical Literature WH Westcott & Hort v ©© UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPrreettoorriiaa LIST OF FIGURES1 Figure 1: Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis, Fol 421b, lines 8-9 .................................................... 43 Figure 2: Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis, Fol 420b, line 10..................................................... 107 Figure 3: Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis, Fol 420b, line 7....................................................... 108 Figure 4: Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis, Fol 420b, line 8....................................................... 108 Figure 5: Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis, Fol 471b, line 15..................................................... 199 1 All the images in this dissertation are of Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis and have been reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. The Cambridge University Library classmark for this manuscript is MS Nn.2.41. The entire manuscript can be viewed in high quality digital images at: http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00041/1 vi ©© UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPrreettoorriiaa TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary ......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. v List of figures ................................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Frequent abbreviations, references to Scripture and definitions .......................................... 2 1.2. Research problem................................................................................................................. 5 1.2.1. Patent indicators of OT awareness in D05: layout and text .......................................... 5 1.2.2. The quotation of Isaiah 49:6 in D05’s Acts 13:47 as illustration of the research problem ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.2.3. Explicit OT quotations at the time of D05’s production............................................... 7 1.2.4. Explicit OT quotations during the course of D05’s transmission history ..................... 8 1.2.5. Summary of the r esearch problem ................................................................................ 9 1.3. Presuppositions and li mitations ........................................................................................... 9 1.3.1. Presuppositions with regard to the textual history of D05 .......................................... 10 1.3.2. The designation of manuscripts, witnesses and textual groupings ............................. 11 1.3.3. Limitation of this study to explicit quotations of the Psalms, Minor Prophets and Isaiah .......................................................................................................................... 11 1.3.4. Limitations and presuppositions with regard to the codicological and palaeographical study of D05 .................................................................................... 17 1.3.5. Limitations with regard to the correctors of D05........................................................ 17 1.3.6. Limitation with regard to OT quotations and allusions .............................................. 18 1.3.7. Limitations with regard to hermeneutics .................................................................... 18 1.4. Research History ................................................................................................................ 18 1.5. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 26 1.5.1. Division of chapters based on OT books .................................................................... 26 1.5.2. The structure of the investigation ............................................................................... 27 vii ©© UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPrreettoorriiaa 1.5.3. Engagement with secondary literature ........................................................................ 29 1.6. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 2: Explicit quotations from the Psalms in D05 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 30 1.1. General Introduction .......................................................................................................... 30 1.2 Text-critical sources used for this chapter .......................................................................... 30 2. Acts 1:20 / Psalm 68:26 (LXX) ............................................................................................... 31 2.1. The physical text of D05 .................................................................................................... 31 2.1.1. Indentation and paragraph markers in D05 ................................................................. 31 2.1.2. Corrections in D05 ...................................................................................................... 31 2.1.3. Indentation and paragraph markers in d05 .................................................................. 32 2.1.4. Corrections in d05 ....................................................................................................... 32 2.2. Other quotations or allusions to Psalm 68:26 (LXX) in the text of D05 ........................... 32 2.2.1. Luke 13:35 / Psalm 68:26 (LXX) ............................................................................... 33 2.3. Introductory formula .......................................................................................................... 33 2.4. OT awareness and the text of the quotation ....................................................................... 34 2.4.1. D05 ΓΕΝΗΘΗΤΩ Ν ΕΠΑΥΛΙϹ ................................................................................. 34 2.4.2. D05 ΑΥΤΟΥ / d05 EORUM....................................................................................... 35 2.4.3. D05 ΜΗ Η .................................................................................................................. 36 2.5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 37 3. Acts 1:20 / Psalm 108:8 (LXX) ............................................................................................... 38 3.1. The physical text of D05 .................................................................................................... 38 3.2. Other quotations or allusions to Psalm 108:8 (LXX) in the text of D05 ........................... 39 3.3. Introductory formula .......................................................................................................... 39 3.4. OT awareness and the text of the quotation ....................................................................... 39 3.4.1. D05 ΛΑΒΕΤΩ / d05 SUMAT ..................................................................................... 39 3.5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 40 4. Acts 2:25-28 / Psalm 15:8-11 (LXX) ...................................................................................... 41 4.1. The physical text of D05 .................................................................................................... 41 4.1.1. Indentation and paragraph markers in D05 ................................................................. 41 viii ©© UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPrreettoorriiaa 4.1.2. Corrections in D05 ...................................................................................................... 42 4.1.3. Indentation and paragraph markers in d05 .................................................................. 43 4.1.4. Corrections in d05 ....................................................................................................... 43 4.2. Other quotations or allusions to Psalm 15:8-11 (LXX) in the text of D05 ........................ 44 4.2.1. Psalm 15:10 (LXX) / Acts 2:31 .................................................................................. 44 4.3. Introductory formula .......................................................................................................... 46 4.4. OT awareness and the text of the quotation ....................................................................... 47 4.4.1. D05 Κ̅Ν̅ ΜΟΥ / d05 D̅ N̅ M̅ MEUM............................................................................. 47 4.4.2. D05 Ε(Κ) ΔΕΞΙΩΝ ΜΟΥ / d05 A DEXTRA MEA ..................................................... 48 4.4.3. D05 ΕΙϹ ΑΔΗΝ / d05 APUT INFEROS ..................................................................... 49 4.4.4. D05 ΓΝΩΡΙϹΑϹ ......................................................................................................... 50 4.5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 51 5. Acts 2:34-35 / Psalm 109:1 (LXX) ......................................................................................... 53 5.1. The physical text of D05 .................................................................................................... 53 5.1.1. Indentation and paragraph markers in D05 ................................................................. 53 5.1.2. Corrections in D05 ...................................................................................................... 53 5.1.3. Indentation and paragraph markers in d05 .................................................................. 54 5.1.4. Corrections in d05 ....................................................................................................... 54 5.2. Other quotations or allusions to Psalm 109:1 (LXX) in the text of D05 ........................... 54 5.2.1. Psalm 109:1 (LXX) in Matthew 22:44, Luke 20:42 and Mark 12:36 ........................ 55 5.2.1.1. Psalm 109:1 (LXX) / Matthew 22:44 ...................................................................... 56 5.2.1.2. Psalm 109:1 (LXX) / Luke 20:42-43 ....................................................................... 57 5.2.1.3. Psalm 109:1 (LXX) / Mark 12:36 ............................................................................ 58 5.2.1.4. Textual differences between the quotations of Psalm 109:1 (LXX) in D05 ............ 58 5.2.2. Psalm 109:1 (LXX) in Matthew 26:64, Luke 22:69 and Mark 14:62 ........................ 62 5.3. Introductory formula .......................................................................................................... 62 5.4. OT awareness and the text of the quotation ....................................................................... 64 5.4.1. D05 ΛΕΓΕΙ / d05 DIXIT ............................................................................................. 64 5.4.2. D05 has no equivalence for the article (ὁ) before Κ̅Ϲ̅ ................................................ 66 5.4.3. D05 ΕΚ ΔΕΞΙΩΝ ΜΟΥ / d05 AD DEXTERAM MEAM............................................ 68 5.4.4. D05 ΕΩϹ ΘΩ / d05 DONEC PONAM ....................................................................... 68 ix ©© UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPrreettoorriiaa 5.4.5. d05 SCAMILLUM ....................................................................................................... 69 5.5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 69 6. Acts 4:25-26 / Psalm 2:1-2 ...................................................................................................... 72 6.1. The physical text of D05 .................................................................................................... 72 6.1.1. Indentation and paragraph markers in D05 ................................................................. 72 6.1.2. Corrections in D05 ...................................................................................................... 72 6.1.3. Indentation and paragraph markers in d05 .................................................................. 73 6.1.4. Corrections in d05 ....................................................................................................... 73 6.2. Other quotations or allusions to Psalm 2:1-2 in the text of D05 ........................................ 73 6.2.1. Psalm 2:1-2 / Acts 4:27 ............................................................................................... 73 6.3. Introductory formula .......................................................................................................... 74 6.4. OT awareness and the text of the quotation ....................................................................... 77 6.4.1. D05 ΚΑΙΝΑ / d05 INANIA ......................................................................................... 77 6.5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 78 7. Acts 13:33 / Psalm 2:7-8 ......................................................................................................... 79 7.1. The physical text of D05 .................................................................................................... 79 7.1.1. Indentation and paragraph markers in D05 ................................................................. 79 7.1.2. Corrections in D05 ...................................................................................................... 79 7.1.3. Indentation and paragraph markers in d05 .................................................................. 80 7.1.4. Corrections in d05 ....................................................................................................... 80 7.2. Other quotations or allusions to Psalm 2:7-8 in the text of D05 ........................................ 80 7.2.1. Psalm 2:7 in Matthew 3:17, Luke 3:22 and Mark 1:11 .............................................. 80 7.2.1.1. Psalm 2:7 / Matthew 3:17 ........................................................................................ 81 7.3.1.2. Psalm 2:7 / Luke 3:22 .............................................................................................. 82 7.2.1.3. Psalm 2:7 / Mark 1:11 .............................................................................................. 84 7.2.1.4. The possibility of influence between Matthew 3:17, Luke 3:22, Mark 1:11 and Acts 13:33 .................................................................................................................. 85 7.3. Introductory formula .......................................................................................................... 85 7.4. OT awareness and the text of the quotation ....................................................................... 89 7.5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 95 x ©© UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPrreettoorriiaa