THE SYNTAX OF SOPHOCLES MNEMOSYNE BIBLIOTHECA CLASSICA BATA VA COLLEGERUNT A. D. LEEMAN · H. W. PLEKET · W. J. VERDENIUS BIBLIOTHECAE FASCICULOS EDENDOS CURAVIT W. J. VERDENIUS, HOMERUSLAAN 53, ZEJST SUPPLEMENTUM SEPTUAGESIMUM QUINTUM A. C. MOORHOUSE THE SYNTAX OF SOPHOCLES LUGDUNI BATAVORUM E. J. BRILL MCMLXXXII THE SYNTAX OF SOPHOCLES BY A. C. MOORHOUSE LEIDEN E. J. BRILL 1982 By the same author Writing and the Alphabet The Triumph of the Alphabet Studies in the Greek Negatives Moorhouse, A. C. -The syntax of Sophocles / A. C. Moorhouse. -Lugduni Batavorum : Brill. -(Mnemo syne ; suppl. 75) UDC 807.5 ISBN 90 04 06599 7 Copyright 1982 by E. j. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this book may ht reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche or any other means without wn'tttn permission from the publisher PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS ToM. M. CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x111 I. Number and Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A. Number.................................. 1 1. Singular. - 2. Dual. - 3. Plural in nouns: motive for plurali ty. - 4. Other motives for plurality. - 5. Plural in pronouns, etc. - 6. Reference to the Chorus. - 7. Plural in adjectives. B. Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. Masculine. - 9. Feminine. - 10. Neuter. II. Case Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1. Basis of description. - 2. Oblique cases: frequency. - 3. Ad- verbal case use. - 4. Adnominal case use. - 5. Other case use. III. Nominative and Vocative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 A. Nominative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1. Introduction. - 2. Absolute uses, including nominativus pendens and nominative in apposition. - 3. The naming function of the nominative. - 4. Use in exclamation. - 5. Use in address. - 6. Use in co-ordinated address. B. Vocative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 7. Use with and without w (1w). - 8. Some cases where w is re quired. - 9. Other patterns of use or omission of w. - 10. Parti ciple in address. - 11. Vocative of adjective in predicative ust", with participle or with finite verb. - 12. ouw~. - 13. Arcx~, O10(1tou~. - 14. Co-ordinated address. - 15. Use of non-personal nouns as vocatives. - 16. Exclamatory use of the vocative; w with the imperative. IV. Accusative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1. Introduction. - 2. Accusati\'e of the ot~jl'ct. - 3. Accusative of the external object. - 4. AccusatiVt' with rnmpound verbs. - 5. Accusative as secondary rnmplement of verbal phrasl'. - 6. Accusative with compound verbs (nomino-verbal stern). - 7. Accusative with verbal acljective. - 8. Accusative with passive verb. - 9. Internal accusative. - 10. Doubk a(Tusatives. - 11. Accusative of the whole and part. - 12. Adverbial accusative (adjectives and pronouns). - 13. Adverbial accusative (nouns). - 14. Accusative of respect. - 15. An-usative of t'xtent (time and place). - 16. Accusative of l'nd of motion. - 17. An-usative in ap position to the sentence. - 18. An-usative absolute. - 19. Sorn!' independent uses. - 20. Thl' accusative in so-rnlled prolqisis. VIII CONTENTS V. Genitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 1. Introduction A. Adnominal and derived uses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2. Introduction. - 3. Possessive-pertinentive use. - 4. Objective use. - 5. Genitive of definition. - 6. Genitive of quality. - 7. With compound (including hypostasized) adjectives. - 8. Ge nitive of value; of price; of exchange. B. Partitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 9. Introduction, and independent use. - 10. The partitive with non-verbal association. - 11. Of time and place. - 12. Adverbal use: introduction. - 13. With verbs of sharing. - 14. With verbs of tasting, making trial, beginning. - 15. With verbs of enjoying, benefiting from. - 16. With verbs of touching, seizing. - 17. With verbs of meeting, acquiring, hitting, missing. - 18. With verbs of approaching. - 19. With verbs of desiring, aiming at. - 20. With verbs of filling, being full, having abundance. - 21 With verbs of smelling, having scent. - 22. With verbs of hearing, perceiving. - 23. With verbs of remembering, forgetting; caring for. - 24. With verbs of ruling, controlling. C. Ablatival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 25. Introduction. - 26. With verbs of motion. - 27. With verbs of being born, etc. - 28. With verbs of learning. - 29. With verbs of taking away, removing; receiving from. - 30. With verbs of separating from, depriving; lacking; stopping, ceasing from; delivering, escaping from. - 31. With negative compound adjectives. - 32. Genitive of comparison. D. Further uses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 33. Introduction. - 34. Genitive of cause. - 35. Genitive of exclamation. - 36. Genitive of relation: introduction. - 37. (i) With verbs of saying and hearing. - 38. (ii) With verbs of accusing or punishing, of the crime. - 39. (iii) With EXW, of state or condi tion. - 40. (iv) In more general use. - 41. Genitive of the agent. - 42. Genitive absolute. - 43. Double genitives. VI. Dative .................... . 79 1. Introduction A. Dative proper ............ . 80 2. Final-directive use. - 3. With verbs of giving, taking away, etc. - 4. With verbs of meeting, approaching, retiring. - 5. With verbs of obeying, addressing. - 6. With verbs showing attitude or feeling towards. - 7. With verbs of ordering, advising; and of leading. - 8. Dative of possession. - 9. Dative of advantage or disadvantage, of interest. - 10. Ethic dative. - 11. Dativus iudicantis. - 12 Dative of the agent. B. Locative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 13. Of place. - 14. Ofrespect. - 15. Of time. CONTENTS · IX C. Instrumental-comitative.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 16. Of the instrument or means. - 17. Of the cause or reason. - 18. Comitative, of accompaniment, association, likeness. - 19. Modal, of accompanying cirrnmslances. VII. Prepositions and Preverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 1. Introduction. - 2. ixµtpL - '.{. ixvix. - 4. ixvi:L - 5. ix1t6. - 6. llLix. - 7. d,. - 8. iv. -9. ix, i~. - 10. i1tL - 11. xixi:ix. - 12. µti:ix. - U. 7t1Xp<X. - 14. ltEpL - 15. 1tp6. - 16. 1tp6,. - 17. cruv. - 18. u1tip. - 19. u1t6. - 20. Improper prepositions. VIII. Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 A. Personal pronouns (First and Second Person).... 134 1. Nominalive uses: introduction. - 2. iyw. - 3. cru. - 4. riµti:,, uµEi:,. - 5. Oblique cases. - 6. Reflexive use. B. Third Person Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7. Introduction. - 8. ixui:6,. - 9. oT l i:6. - 10. VtV, IJ(!)E, oL - 11. Re- flexive use. C. The Article................................ 143 12. Introduction. - 13. With common nouns, individualising. - 14. With common nouns, generalising. - 15. With proper nouns. - 16. With a dependent genitive. - 17. Further use, with adjectives and with participles. - 18. With infinitives. - 19. With adverbs. - 20. With prepositional phrases. - 21. Position of the article. D. Demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 22. Introduction. - 23. ooE. -24. oui:o,. -25. ixti:vo,. - 26. Com bination of article and demonstrative. E. Indefinite 158 "tt~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27. Use and position. F. Interrogative "t"L~ and 1tofo~.................... 160 28. Use and position. IX. Adjectives and adverbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 1. Substantival use (anarthrous). - 2. With ellipse of noun. - 3. Patronymic and possessive adjectives, etc. - 4. Enallage. - 5. Verbal apposition. - 6. Predicative use (including proleptic). - 7. Articular adjective as predicate? - 8. Plurality of adjectives. - 9. Repetition of adjectives. - 10. Verbal adjectives. - 11. Verbal adjectives in -i:fo,. - 12. Comparison. - 13. Comparison with a positive adjectiveJ - 14. Reinforcement of the superlative. - 15. Elative use of comparative forms. - 16. Adverbial form in place of case-form, and as predicate. X CONTENTS X. Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 1. Formal criteria in middle and passive. - 2 Active and middle forms: overlapping of function. - 3. Use of the middle voice. - 4. Some passive uses. XI. The Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 1. Introduction. A. Tenses in the indicative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 2. Present: of present time, or timeless. - :1. Present: of past time, introduction. - 4. Praesens pro perfeclo. - 5. Historical present. - 6. Present: offuture time. - 7. Imperfect: of continuous, habitual etc. past action. - 8. Imperfect: 'Eye-witness' use. - 9. Imper fect: conative use, etc. - 10. Imperfect: of consecutive action. - 11. Imperfect: 'open-ended' use. - 12. Imperfect: of truth just recognized. - 13. Aorist: of action in the past, without specifi cation. - 14. Inceptive and terminative uses. - 15. Aorist in per fective contexts. - 16. Aorist: immediate and contemporary use. - 17. Aorist: gnomic use. - 18. Perteet. - 19. Perfect: 'intensive' use. - 20. Resultative perfect. - 21. Gnomic and general use. - 22. Apparent approximation of perfect to aorist use. - 23. Reference to future in apodosis. - 24. Pluperfect. - 25. Future perfect. - 26. Future: prospective (including gnomic) use. 27. Future: voluntative use. - 28. Future: use in com mand. - 29. Periphrastic forms of the verb. B. Tenses outside the indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 30. Imperative, subjunctive, optative. - 31. Infinitive. - 32. Par ticiple: introduction. - 33. Present participle. - 34. Perfect par ticiple. - 35. Future participle. - 36. Aorist participle. XII. The Moods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 A. The Indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 1. Introduction. - 2. Special uses not modified by IXY. - 3. The indicative with &v: past tenses. - 4. Future indicative with &v. B. The Imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 5. Positive commands. - 6. Prohibition. - 7. Use in subordinate clauses. - 8. Alternative means of ordering. C. The Subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 9. Introduction. - 10. Voluntative use. - 11. Deliberative use. - 12. Use in subordinate clauses. D. The Optative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 13. Introduction. - 14. Potential use. - 15. Cupitive use. - 16. Use in subordinate clauses. XIII. The Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 1. Introduction. - 2. Infinitive of purpose and result. - 3. Limit- ing ( explanatory) infinitive. - 4. As complement of verbs, and of