55R853_LOT_130 23-05-2006 12:12 Pagina 1 130 Krzysztof Migdalski K Krzysztof Migdalski r z y s z t The Syntax of Compound Tenses o The Syntax of Compound f M in Slavic i Tenses in Slavic g d a l s k i This dissertation examines the syntax of compound tenses in Slavic. It takes into account their diachronic development from Old Church Slavonic to the current stages. Slavic languages use a number of compound tense constructions that are not found in many other Indo-European language groups. They also exhibit a wide range of morphologically diverse participles. T h Hence, their investigation leads to a verification of some common e assumptions concerning the properties and structure of compound tenses. S y The dissertation explores the constructions formed with the l-participle and the n auxiliary ‘be’. The l-participle shows agreement with the subject, and is t claimed to undergo XP movement to SpecTP in order to check the phi-features a x of T. This structure is contrasted with the compound tense formed with the auxiliary ‘have’ and the past/passive participle, which has been completely o grammaticalized in Germanic and Romance languages, but in Slavic it has f fully developed only in Kashubian and Macedonian. C o m Special attention is given to the question of typological differences among Slavic languages, especially with respect to the inventory of compound tenses p and auxiliary cliticization. It is assumed that the variation arose because of an o u overlap in marking aspectual distinctions by both aspectual morphology and n aspectual past tenses in Proto Slavic and Old Church Slavonic. One way to d remove this overlap was a morphological reduction of auxiliaries into clitics and suffixes. It is demonstrated that this reduction is reflected in syntax, and T e leads to a reanalysis of l-participle raising as a head movement operation. n s e s i n S l a v i c ISBN-10: 90-76864-99-3 ISBN-13: 978-90-76864-99-0 The Syntax of Compound Tenses in Slavic Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Trans 10 fax: +31 30 253 6000 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://wwwlot.let.uu.nl/ Cover illustration: Cyril and Methodius, the first Slavic linguists. A picture by Barbara Tomaszewicz inspired by G. Čapkŭnov’s work. ISBN-10: 90-76864-99-3 ISBN-13: 978-90-76864-99-0 NUR 632 Copyright © 2006: Krzysztof Migdalski. All rights reserved. The Syntax of Compound Tenses in Slavic Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Tilburg, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. F.A. van der Duyn Schouten, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de aula van de universiteit op dinsdag 30 mei 2006 om 14.15 uur door Krzysztof Marek Migdalski geboren op 4 maart 1975 te Bielsko-Biała, Polen Promotor: Prof. dr. H.C. van Riemsdijk Copromotor: Dr. H.J.W.M Broekhuis Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................XI ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................XIII INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 THE DIACHRONY OF COMPOUND TENSES IN SLAVIC7 1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................7 1.2 The division of the Slavic languages..........................................................7 1.2.1 The common ancestor........................................................................................8 1.2.2 Sources of the division........................................................................................9 1.3 The Tense and Aspect system...................................................................11 1.3.1 The Tense System in Proto-Indo-European.................................................11 1.3.2 Modifications of tense and aspect systems in Proto-Slavic.........................13 1.3.3 Old Church Slavonic.........................................................................................16 1.3.3.1 Simple past tenses in Old Church Slavonic...............................................16 1.3.3.1.1 The aorist.................................................................................................16 1.3.3.1.2 The imperfectum....................................................................................17 1.3.3.2 Aspect in Old Church Slavonic...................................................................18 1.3.3.3 Some interactions between tense and aspect............................................20 1.3.3.3.1 Imperfectum + Perfective Aspect........................................................21 1.3.3.3.2 Aorist + Imperfective Aspect...............................................................22 1.3.3.4 The Compound Tenses in Old Church Slavonic.....................................22 1.3.3.4.1 Future tenses...........................................................................................22 1.3.3.4.1.1 Future I.............................................................................................23 1.3.3.4.1.2 Future II (Futurum Exactum/Future Perfect)............................23 1.3.3.4.2 The pluperfect.........................................................................................24 1.3.3.4.3 Present Perfect........................................................................................25 1.3.3.4.3.1 The form of the Present Perfect...................................................25 1.3.3.4.3.2 The meaning of the present perfect.............................................26 1.3.3.4.4 The conditional mood............................................................................27 1.3.3.5 Participial forms in Old Church Slavonic..................................................28 1.3.3.5.1 The l-participle........................................................................................30 1.3.3.5.1.1 The meaning of the l-participle.....................................................30 1.3.3.5.1.2 Development of the l-participle....................................................31 1.3.3.5.1.3 L-participles versus l-adjectives.....................................................32 1.3.3.5.1.4 Grammatical properties of the l-participle..................................32 1.3.3.5.2 The auxiliary / copula ‘to be’................................................................33 1.3.3.5.2.1 Tense.................................................................................................33 1.3.3.5.2.2 Aspect...............................................................................................34 1.3.3.5.2.3 Auxiliary vs copula..........................................................................34 1.3.4 Development of the tenses in Modern Slavic languages..............................35 1.3.4.1 Simple past tenses.........................................................................................37 1.3.4.1.1 East and West Slavic..............................................................................37 1.3.4.1.2 South Slavic.............................................................................................37 1.3.4.2 Present perfect...............................................................................................39 1.3.4.2.1 East Slavic................................................................................................39 1.3.4.2.2 West Slavic...............................................................................................40 1.3.4.2.2.1 Changes to the auxiliary in Polish.................................................40 1.3.4.2.2.2 Changes to the present perfect in Polish.....................................42 1.3.4.2.2.3 The auxiliary versus copula distinction in Czech........................45 1.3.4.2.3 A reanalysis of the present perfect in Serbo-Croatian.......................47 1.3.4.3 The pluperfect...............................................................................................48 1.3.4.3.1 South Slavic.............................................................................................48 1.3.4.3.2 West and East Slavic..............................................................................49 1.3.4.4 Ways of expressing the future.....................................................................49 1.3.4.4.1 South Slavic.............................................................................................50 1.3.4.4.2 West and East Slavic..............................................................................52 1.3.4.4.2.1 Compound future tense forms......................................................52 1.3.4.4.2.2 Expressing the future with perfective verbs................................53 1.3.4.5 New types of compound tenses in Slavic..................................................54 1.3.4.5.1 The renarrated mood.............................................................................54 1.3.4.5.1.1 Bulgarian and Macedonian.............................................................54 1.3.4.5.1.2 Beyond Bulgarian and Macedonian..............................................55 1.3.4.5.2 ‘Have’-perfects........................................................................................56 1.3.4.5.2.1 Macedonian......................................................................................56 1.3.4.5.2.2 Beyond Macedonian.......................................................................58 1.4 Conclusions...............................................................................................59 CHAPTER 2 THE SYNTAX OF 'BE'-PERFECTS AND THE L- PARTICIPLE ....................................................................................................61 2.1 Introduction...............................................................................................61 2.2 Head-movement accounts of participle fronting in Bulgarian and Serbo- Croatian.................................................................................................................62 2.2.1 Participle fronting as long head movement...................................................63 2.2.2 Participle fronting as head adjunction............................................................65 2.3 Towards an alternative analysis................................................................67 2.3.1 Properties of the l-participle.............................................................................67 2.3.2 Participle fronting as locative inversion..........................................................68 2.3.3 Details of the present analysis..........................................................................71 2.3.3.1 Movement of adjuncts..................................................................................71 2.3.3.2 Movement of internal arguments................................................................72 2.3.3.2.1.1 Object shift requirement................................................................73 2.3.3.2.1.2 Direct object shift...........................................................................73 2.3.3.2.1.3 Indirect object shift.........................................................................75 2.3.3.2.1.4 Movement of the indirect object PPs in Bulgarian....................76 2.3.3.2.1.5 Movement of PP- and small clause complements......................79 2.3.4 Word order in the Slavic left periphery..........................................................81 2.3.4.1 Two types of l-participle fronting...............................................................81 2.3.4.2 Constituents in the left periphery...............................................................84 2.3.4.3 Is it a case of stylistic fronting?...................................................................86 2.3.4.4 Focus and word order..................................................................................88 2.3.5 L-participle fronting as XP movement - elaboration....................................92 2.3.5.1 Auxiliary-participle adjacency......................................................................92 2.3.5.1.1 Short verb/participle movement in Serbo-Croatian..........................94 2.3.5.1.2 Short verb/participle movement in Bulgarian....................................95 2.3.5.2 Double participle constructions..................................................................98 2.3.5.3 The future auxiliary šte in Bulgarian..........................................................102 2.3.6 Interaction between participle movement and negation............................103 2.3.6.1 Introduction.................................................................................................105 2.3.6.2 Serbo-Croatian............................................................................................107 2.3.6.2.1 Properties of negation..........................................................................107 2.3.6.2.2 Negation and participle movement....................................................109 2.3.6.3 Bulgarian......................................................................................................114 2.3.6.3.1 Properties of negation..........................................................................114 2.3.6.3.2 Negation and participle movement....................................................116 2.3.6.3.3 Interaction between the interrogative complementizer li and negation in Bulgarian...............................................................................................118 2.4 Conclusions..............................................................................................123 CHAPTER 3 THE SYNTAX OF ‘HAVE’-PERFECTS AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLES ...................................................................................................125 3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................125 3.2 A typology of passive participles..............................................................125 3.3 Generalizations concerning ‘have’-perfects.............................................128 3.4 Properties of ‘have’-perfects in Slavic......................................................129 3.4.1 Kashubian.........................................................................................................129 3.4.2 Macedonian......................................................................................................133 3.4.2.1 Properties of the construction...................................................................134 3.4.2.2 Participle fronting across the auxiliary ‘have’..........................................136 3.5 Impersonal participles in Polish..............................................................142 3.5.1 Properties of the impersonal participles.......................................................142 3.5.2 Historical development of the impersonal participles................................146 3.6 Grammaticalization of ‘have’-perfects.....................................................147 3.6.1 Romance...........................................................................................................148 3.6.2 Germanic..........................................................................................................151 3.6.3 Slavic.................................................................................................................153 3.6.3.1 Properties of the stative perfect................................................................154 3.6.3.2 Towards an analysis....................................................................................157 3.7 Conclusions..............................................................................................160 CHAPTER 4 CLITICS IN SOUTH SLAVIC................................................163 4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................163 4.2 What are clitics?........................................................................................163 4.3 Diachrony of clitics in Slavic....................................................................164 4.3.1 Reduction of the copula/auxiliary ‘to be’.....................................................165 4.3.2 Reduction of the pronominal clitics..............................................................165 4.3.3 Changes in the clitic positions.......................................................................166 4.3.3.1 Wackernagel’s law.......................................................................................166 4.3.3.2 Violations of Wackernagel’s law in Old Church Slavonic.....................167 4.4 Clitic positions in contemporary South Slavic languages.......................170 4.4.1 Serbo-Croatian.................................................................................................171 4.4.1.1 The clitic paradigms....................................................................................171 4.4.1.2 Properties and positions of the Serbo-Croatian clitics...........................173 4.4.1.3 The second position effect in Serbo-Croatian: syntax or phonology?.178 4.4.1.3.1 Apparent splitting of syntactic constituents by clitics in Serbo- Croatian .................................................................................................................178 4.4.1.3.2 Motivation for the second position requirement.............................180 4.4.2 Macedonian......................................................................................................182 4.4.2.1 The clitic paradigms....................................................................................182 4.4.2.2 Clitic doubling.............................................................................................184 4.4.2.3 Direction of cliticization in Macedonian.................................................185 4.4.2.3.1 Proclisis..................................................................................................185 4.4.2.3.2 Enclisis...................................................................................................186 4.4.2.3.3 Postposition...........................................................................................186 4.4.2.3.4 The relation between types of cliticization and stress assignment.188 4.4.2.4 Towards an analysis of cliticization in Macedonian...............................190 4.4.2.4.1 A note on previous scholarship..........................................................191 4.4.2.4.2 An alternative analysis of cliticization in Macedonian.....................193 4.4.2.4.2.1 Proclisis with case-assigning verbs..............................................193 4.4.2.4.2.2 Explaining the Person Case Constraint.....................................197 4.4.2.4.2.3 Enclisis with imperatives and gerunds.......................................203 4.4.2.4.2.4 Patterns with non-case-assigning categories..............................206 4.4.2.4.2.4.1 Cardinaletti and Starke’s (1999) division of deficient elements .................................................................................................206 4.4.2.4.2.4.2 Weak and clitic forms in Macedonian................................206 4.4.3 Bulgarian...........................................................................................................208 4.4.3.1 The clitic paradigms....................................................................................208 4.4.3.2 Properties and positions of the Bulgarian clitics.....................................209 4.4.3.3 Clitic doubling in Bulgarian.......................................................................211 4.4.3.4 Towards an analysis of cliticization in Bulgarian....................................212 4.4.3.4.1 Clitics are in head positions.................................................................213 4.4.3.4.2 Clitics are in specifier positions..........................................................214 4.4.3.4.3 An alternative analysis..........................................................................215 4.4.4 Concluding remarks........................................................................................218 4.4.4.1 Ordering of the clitics.................................................................................218 4.4.4.1.1 Bošković (2001, in press).....................................................................218 4.4.4.1.2 Tomić (1996a).......................................................................................220 4.4.4.1.3 Some alternative suggestions...............................................................220 4.4.4.2 Why do clitics climb?..................................................................................221 CHAPTER 5 THE STATUS OF CLITICS AND COMPOUND TENSES IN POLISH ..................................................................................................223 5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................223 5.2 The pronominal forms............................................................................223 5.2.1 The paradigm of pronouns............................................................................223 5.2.2 The positions occupied by the pronominal forms......................................224 5.3 The auxiliary forms and the syntax of compound tenses.......................228 5.3.1 The paradigm of the auxiliaries......................................................................228 5.3.2 Positions of the auxiliaries..............................................................................230 5.3.2.1 Auxiliaries as clitics.....................................................................................232 5.3.2.1.1 Placement of the auxiliary clitic – syntax or phonology?................232 5.3.2.1.2 Prosodic and morphological interactions between the auxiliary and its host .................................................................................................................234 5.3.2.2 Auxiliaries as affixes....................................................................................235 5.3.3 Some previous accounts of the syntax of compound tenses in Polish....238 5.3.3.1 Borsley & Rivero (1994).............................................................................239 5.3.3.2 Bošković (1997)...........................................................................................243 5.3.3.3 Szczegielniak (1997)....................................................................................244 5.3.3.4 Witkoś (1998)..............................................................................................246 5.3.4 An alternative account....................................................................................250 5.3.4.1 Auxiliary encliticization..............................................................................253 5.3.4.1.1 The conditional / subjunctive auxiliary by.........................................253 5.3.4.1.1.1 The position of by.........................................................................253 5.3.4.1.1.2 The meanings of by......................................................................254 5.3.4.1.2 Topicalization........................................................................................259 5.3.4.1.3 Że-support..............................................................................................262 5.3.4.2 Auxiliary affixation on the l-participle......................................................266 5.3.4.2.1 Participle movement in Polish and in South Slavic.........................266 5.3.4.2.2 Position and types of negation in Polish...........................................267 5.3.4.2.2.1 Position of sentential and constituent negation........................268 5.3.4.2.2.2 Prosodic properties of negation..................................................270 5.3.4.2.2.3 Genitive of negation.....................................................................270 5.3.4.2.3 Negation and types of verbs...............................................................272 5.3.4.2.4 Position and types of the auxiliaries...................................................274 5.3.4.2.4.1 Syntactic properties of functional and lexical auxiliaries.........274 5.3.4.2.4.2 Semantic properties of functional and lexical auxiliaries.........279