The Supreme Court and American Democracy This page intentionally left blank T S C HE UPREME OURT AND A D MERICAN EMOCRACY C S J R ASE TUDIES ON UDICIAL EVIEW AND P P UBLIC OLICY Earl E. Pollock GREENWOOD PRESS Westport,Connecticut • London LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Pollock,EarlE. TheSupremeCourtandAmericandemocracy:casestudiesonjudicialreviewandpublicpolicy/ EarlE.Pollock. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978–0–313–36525–6(alk.paper) 1.Judicialreview—UnitedStates—History.2.Civilrights—UnitedStates—History.I.Title. KF4575.P598 2009 347.73’12—dc22 2008034766 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable. Copyright©2009byEarlE.Pollock Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2008034766 ISBN:978–0–313–36525–6 Firstpublishedin2009 GreenwoodPress,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881 AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc. www.greenwood.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48-1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface xi 1. TheConstitutionandtheSupremeCourt 1 TheMakingoftheConstitution 1 TheEarlyYearsoftheSupremeCourt 3 TheWorkoftheSupremeCourt 4 ConstitutionalInterpretation 6 2. FromMarburytoReconstruction 9 Marburyv.Madison,5U.S.137(1803) 9 JudicialReviewandJudicialSupremacy 12 TheSlaveryLegacy 16 Scottv.Sandford,60U.S.393(1857) 20 TheReconstructionAmendments 24 TheAmendmentProcessandStareDecisis 26 3. RaceDiscriminationbyGovernment 29 WhatIs“Race”? 29 OverviewoftheEqualProtectionClause 34 Plessyv.Ferguson,163U.S.537(1896) 36 Korematsuv.UnitedStates,323U.S.214(1944) 39 TheAftermathoftheKorematsuCase 45 Confronting“SeparatebutEqual” 46 vi Contents Brownv.BoardofEducation,347U.S.483(1954) 48 RacialSegregationCasesafterBrown 52 Cooperv.Aaron,358U.S.1(1958) 53 TheDiscriminatoryPurposeRequirement 55 4. RaceDiscriminationbyPrivatePersons 59 TheFourteenthAmendment“StateAction”Requirement 59 Shelleyv.Kraemer,334U.S.1(1948) 60 ApplicationoftheShelleyDoctrine 62 TheCivilRightsActof1875 64 CivilRightsCases,109U.S.3(1883) 65 FederalStatutesRegulatingPrivateDiscrimination 69 HeartofAtlantaMotel,Inc.v.UnitedStates,379U.S.241(1964) 70 Katzenbachv.McClung,379U.S.294(1964) 73 ApplyingtheCommerceClausetoLocalConduct 75 5. MinorityPreferences 77 Defining“AffirmativeAction” 77 RegentsoftheUniversityofCaliforniav.Bakke,438U.S.265(1978) 78 RacialPreferencesinEmployment 84 RacialPreferencesinPublicContracts 86 AdarandConstructors,Inc.v.Pena,515U.S.200(1995) 87 TheAftermathoftheAdarandDecision 91 RacialPreferencesinCollegeAdmissions 92 TheUniversityofMichiganAffirmativeActionCases 95 Grutterv.Bollinger,539U.S.306(2003) 96 RacialBalancingwithinaPublicSchoolSystem 102 ParentsInvolvedinCommunitySchoolsv.SeattleSchoolDistrict 103 No.1,___U.S.___,127S.Ct.2738(2007) SeekingOtherRemediesforRacialImbalance 116 6. DueProcessofLaw 119 ProceduralDueProcess 119 SubstantiveDueProcess 119 “Incorporation”ofRightsinDueProcess 121 Contents vii 7. Abortionandthe“RightofPrivacy” 123 EmergenceofaNewDoctrine 123 Griswoldv.Connecticut,381U.S.479(1965) 123 FromContraceptivestoAbortion 127 Roev.Wade,410U.S.113(1973) 129 ReactiontotheDecision 135 AbortionDecisionsbetweenRoeandCasey 136 PlannedParenthoodofSoutheasternPennsylvaniav.Casey, 137 505U.S.833(1992) TheTurnaboutinCasey 144 “PartialBirth”Abortion 145 Gonzalesv.Carhart,___U.S.___,127S.Ct.1610(2007) 146 TheNinthandTenthAmendments 151 8. TerminalIllnessIssues 153 TheRighttoRefuseTreatment 153 TheSchiavoCase 154 Physician-AssistedSuicideandthe“RighttoDie” 156 Washingtonv.Glucksberg,521U.S.707(1997) 156 9. GayRights 163 TheLegalStatusofHomosexuality 163 Bowersv.Hardwick,478U.S.186(1986) 164 Romerv.Evans,517U.S.620(1996) 167 Lawrencev.Texas,539U.S.558(2003) 173 10. FreedomofSpeech 181 ThePrimacyofFreedomofSpeech 181 FreedomofSpeechOverview 182 SymbolicSpeech 184 Brandenburgv.Ohio,395U.S.444(1969) 185 UnitedStatesv.O’Brien,391U.S.367(1968) 189 Texasv.Johnson,491U.S.397(1989) 191 R.A.V.v.St.Paul,505U.S.377(1992) 194 Virginiav.Black,538U.S.343(2003) 199 Cohenv.California,403U.S.15(1971) 202 viii Contents OffensiveSpeechundertheFirstAmendment 204 Wisconsinv.Mitchell,508U.S.476(1993) 208 FederalHateCrimeLaws 210 FreedomofExpressiveAssociation 210 BoyScoutsofAmericav.Dale,530U.S.640(2000) 211 TheAftermathoftheBoyScoutsDecision 214 CampaignRegulationandtheFirstAmendment 215 11. FreedomofthePress 219 TheNewsMediaandtheFirstAmendment 219 Nearv.Minnesota,283U.S.697(1931) 220 NewYorkTimesCo.v.UnitedStates,403U.S.713(1971) 222 ThePriorRestraintDoctrine 223 12. TheEstablishmentofReligionClause 225 TheRelationshipbetweentheTwoReligionClauses 225 Eversonv.BoardofEducation,330U.S.1(1947) 226 EarlyConceptionsoftheEstablishmentofReligion 228 GovernmentAidtoReligiousSchools 230 Mitchellv.Helms,530U.S.793(2000) 230 Zelmanv.Simmons-Harris,530U.S.640(2002) 234 PrayerinPublicSchools 239 Leev.Weisman,505U.S.577(1992) 240 SantaFeIndependentSchoolDistrictv.Doe,530U.S.290(2000) 246 Adding“UnderGod”tothePledgeofAllegiance 248 ReligiousSymbolsonPublicProperty 249 Walzv.TaxComm’nofCityofNewYork,397U.S.664(1970) 252 TexasMonthly,Inc.v.Bullock,489U.S.1(1989) 256 13. TheFreeExerciseClause 261 CompelledExemptions 261 EmploymentDivision,DepartmentofHumanResourcesof 262 Oregonv.Smith,494U.S.872(1990) CityofBoernev.Flores,521U.S.507(1997) 266 TheAftermathoftheCityofBoerneDecision 269 Contents ix Lockev.Davey,540U.S.712(2004) 270 Cantwellv.StateofConnecticut,310U.S.296(1940) 272 14. ExecutivePowers 277 TheRiseofthe“ImperialPresidency” 277 AuthorizingActsofWar 279 AuthorizationforUseofMilitaryForce 281 (JointCongressionalResolution,September14,2001) IraqMilitaryForceResolution 281 (JointCongressionalResolution,October10,2002) UnitedStatesv.Curtiss-WrightExportCorporation,299U.S.304(1936) 282 MonitoringForeignCommunications 284 YoungstownSheet&TubeCo.v.Sawyer,343U.S.579(1952) 285 TheDetentionofEnemyCombatants 291 Boumedienev.Bush,___U.S.___,128S.Ct.2229(2008) 294 ProsecutingEnemyCombatantsforWarCrimes 308 15. VotingandElections 311 DiscriminationinVoting 311 TheFederalVotingRightsAct 313 Overcomingthe“PoliticalQuestion”Barrier 314 Reynoldsv.Sims,377U.S.533(1964) 315 “OnePerson,OneVote”Issues 320 DrawingBlack-MajorityDistricts 320 Shawv.Reno,509U.S.630(1993) 321 TheAftermathofShawv.Reno 325 Viethv.Jubelirer,541U.S.267(2004) 327 SeekingaTestforPoliticalGerrymanders 330 TheStatutoryContextofBushv.Gore 331 Bushv.Gore,531U.S.98(2000) 332 16. CruelandUnusualPunishment 339 TheDeathPenaltyReconsidered 339 Furmanv.Georgia,408U.S.238(1972) 340 TheAftermathoftheFurmanDecision 340 Atkinsv.Virginia,536U.S.304(2002) 343 TheAftermathofthePenryandAtkinsCases 347