Else_ST-NASH_prelims.qxd 1/16/2007 12:22 PM Page i The Study of Tourism Anthropological and Sociological Beginnings Else_ST-NASH_prelims.qxd 1/16/2007 12:22 PM Page ii TOURISM SOCIAL SCIENCE SERIES Series Editor:Jafar Jafari Department of Hospitality and Tourism,University of Wisconsin-Stout,Menomonie WI 54751,USA. Tel:(715) 232-2339; Fax:(715) 232-3200; E-mail:[email protected] Associate Editor (this volume):Robert E. Wood Rutgers University,Camden NJ,USA. The books in this Tourism Social Science Series (TSSSeries) are intended to systematically and cumu- latively contribute to the formation,embodiment,and advancement of knowledge in the field of tourism. The TSSSeries’multidisciplinary framework and treatment of tourism includes application of theoretical, methodological,and substantive contributions from such fields as anthropology,business administration, ecology, economics, geography, history, hospitality, leisure, planning, political science, psychology, recreation,religion,sociology,transportation,etc.,but it significantly favors state-of-the-art presentations, works featuring new directions,and especially the cross-fertilization of perspectives beyond each of these singular fields. While the development and production of this book series is fashioned after the success- ful model of Annals of Tourism Research,the TSSSeries further aspires to assure each theme a compre- hensiveness possible only in book-length academic treatment. Each volume in the series is intended to deal with a particular aspect of this increasingly important subject,thus to play a definitive role in the enlarging and strengthening of the foundation of knowledge in the field of tourism,and consequently to expand its frontiers into the new research and scholarship horizons ahead. Published TSSSeries titles; Leisure Migration:A Sociological Study on Tourism József Böröcz (Rutgers University,USA) Contemporary Tourism:Diversity and Change Erik Cohen (Hebrew University of Jerusalem,Israel) Exporting Paradise:Tourism and Development in Mexico Michael Clancy (University of Hartford,USA) Anthropology of Tourism Dennison Nash (University of Connecticut,USA) Tourism Community Relationships Philip L. Pearce,Gianna Moscardo and Glenn F. Ross (James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia) Empowerment of Sustainable Tourism Development Trevor Sofield (University of Tasmania,Australia) Tourism and Religion Boris Vukonic´ (University of Zagreb,Croatia) Tourism and Modernity:A Sociological Analysis Ning Wang (Zhongshan University,China) Else_ST-NASH_prelims.qxd 1/16/2007 12:22 PM Page iii The Study of Tourism Anthropological and Sociological Beginnings Dennison Nash, Editor University of Connecticut, USA Amsterdam●Boston●Heidelberg●London●New York●Oxford Paris●San Diego●San Francisco●Singapore●Sydney●Tokyo Else_ST-NASH_prelims.qxd 1/16/2007 12:22 PM Page iv Elsevier The Boulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,Oxford OX5 1GB,UK Radarweg 29,PO Box 211,1000 AE Amsterdam,The Netherlands First edition 2007 Copyright © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford,UK:phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email:[email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,negligence or otherwise,or from any use or operation of any methods,products,instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences,in particular,independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13:978-0-08-044240-2 ISBN-10:0-08-044240-4 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in The Netherlands 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Else_ST-NASH_dedi.qxd 11/4/2006 11:53 AM Page v To the Memory of Malcolm Crick This page intentionally left blank Else_ST-NASH_pREFACE.qxd 1/15/2007 4:42 PM Page vii Preface Those of us who have been privileged to be among the first from anthropology and sociology,as well as other social sciences,to be involved in the study of tourism may have some idea of how it came about. We may even have some notion about how our own personal odyssey compares with that of some of our colleagues in this regard. But no one has yet attempted to study the whole process in such a way as to provide an adequate inside picture in scientific terms of the emergence and development of this new field of study. Like all scientists, those involved in this process have had to deal with forces that shaped their recognition of a new subject and how it was to be seen,and treated (Barnes,Bloor and Henry 1996). True,one hesitates to say that where the subject is tourism,the innovation involved is as sig- nificant as that for the creation of the Double Helix in biology or Relativity in physics; but some of the specific processes would seem to be not unlike other sci- entific developments,as for example,the discovery and progressive understanding of some new and debilitating disease. How much or how little,of course,remains to be uncovered in this book as well as others. Those of us who have become students of tourism,as of any other subject,have much to learn from a project of this kind. It can be a sort of self-examination with all the pleasure and pain that that implies. But there could also be implications for others not directly involved in such study. Tourism is said to be one of the world’s largest “industries,”and the number of people involved in it,one way or another, is very great and increasing. One cannot be unaware of this potentially great audi- ence of interested parties consisting of other tourism researchers and academics, workers in various aspects of the tourism industry,and the increasingly large num- ber of tourists themselves. One hopes that all of these people will find something personally involving in reading this book. Our project follows a small,but vital tradition of intellectual autobiography in the sciences and humanities—a line of production with what amounts to its own evolving subculture and associated problems (Berger,ed. 1990). It also represents a contribution to the growing field of tourism research, the excitement of which Else_ST-NASH_pREFACE.qxd 1/15/2007 4:42 PM Page viii viii Preface often has been contagious. This is how I described it for anthropologists in an ear- lier work (Nash 1996:vii): Those of us who have been pioneers in the study of tourism have found the air of discovery and sense of freedom associated with being on the frontier enormously exciting. Being on the margin of our professional cultures,with all the looseness of social ties that this implies,we have had an opportunity for adventure which may be even greater than that which is routine for anthropologists who are well-known for their adventurous natures. And indeed as it has turned out,there have been many satisfactions during the pro- duction of this book—satisfactions not entirely unaccompanied by problems,some anticipated and some not (see Appendix B and Aguilar 1981:15–26). But in the end, I hope that we have here a collective accomplishment that does credit to all of us and to the emerging field of tourism research,which we represent. Acknowledgments are,for me,always a pleasure. First,I would like to thank all of the participants for their collaboration in what has been an unusual and often demanding project. Second,thanks are due Jafar Jafari,the editor-in-chief of the TSSSeries and of Annals of Tourism Research,as well as a participant in this book,whose encouragement and editorial acumen during the course of pub- lication has been invaluable. Third, I am deeply grateful to Graham Dann, a friend and former collaborator during the days of his Barbados existence,as well as a participant in this book, who has helped me in various ways. Fourth, I am particularly grateful to two of the participants who, despite battling serious maladies during the course of production of the book, made a special effort to get their personal histories to me on time and in good order. Fifth,thanks are due to my University of Connecticut where,after formal retirement,I have had stud- ies, offices, an available library, and computer resources, which have provided the necessary ambience and support for scholarly production. Sixth, there are those who provided computer and secretarial help,library,and translation assis- tance:Asha Shipman,Bambi Billman Terese Andrews,and Geoffrey Meigs and his team of computer wizards. Seventh, thanks are due to colleague René Baretje, now head of the Centre International de Recherches et d’Études Touristiques,for his keen archival assistance. Eighth,I am indebted to the “for- mal” reader of the complete manuscript, Bob Wood, for his critical review and helpful comments, as well as a long-time colleague and collaborator, Jerold Heiss, who has been no less important in a less formal capacity. Ninth, Tom Selwyn provided a useful account of the impressively productive activities asso- ciated with the Roehampton Institute and its successor at London Metropolitan. Else_ST-NASH_pREFACE.qxd 1/15/2007 4:42 PM Page ix Preface ix Tenth, thanks are due to friend, colleague, and former reader, Seth Leacock, for his sharp remarks from time to time during discussions of the evolving manu- script. Finally,there are a host of friends too numerous to mention,whose simple presence and occasional aid (not necessarily in matters pertaining to the produc- tion of this book) have helped me immensely. The creation of this book has been an unusually long and difficult endeavor,and without the help of all of these peo- ple,this book might never have seen the light of day. Kudos to all of us! Dennison Nash