$J:RDU mjBBIJw HnMnHaBaBMRBi iHHi RSBiBNI jSKSuM^Es^K THE STUDENT' S PRACTICAL DICTIONARY CONTAINING English Words with English and Urdu Meanings AND Hindustani Words with English Meanings TOGETHER WITH A LIST OF LATIN AND GREEK WORDS AND PHRASES WITH THEIR ENGLISH AND URDU EQUIVALENTS IN PERSIAN CHARACTER. REVISED AND IMPROVED EDITION [ All rights reserved ] Rs. 161- ALLAHABAD RAM MADHO JNAKAIM LAL BEN1 PUBLISHERS AND BOOKSELLERS Kumar Printed by Vijay Agarwal at the Nav Sahitya Press Allahabad. PK R A 57 6 ' ' OF 313411 PREFACE THE dictionaries at present used by school-boys and others in this ountry givefor the most part meanings of English words in Roman HindustanioTo understand the various diacri- tical marks used in such dictionaries requires a considerable amount of practical experience, which it is hardly fair to expect from those for whom they are chiefly intended. This Dictionary gives meanings ofEnglish words in Hindustani expressed in Persian Character, and it is used to meet the requirements of the school-going population in thelUnited Provinces ofAgra and Oudh, Hyderabad ; Punjab and tner Provinces, where the study of the English language is prosecuted simultaneously with that of Urdu. European candidates for Civil and Military Service in India, who are required to pass a High Standard Examination in Urdu, and all foreigners, who may aspire to learn the correct sound of wordsioccurring in Hindustani, will also find this book ofreference ofimmense service to them. In giving the meanings of words the followingsystem has been adopted. In the first place, the words have been defined in English, the definitions being so framed as to give a full, clear and correct explanation ofthe various senses in which a word may at different times be used. Secondly, an idiomatic translation into Hindustani ofthe English definitions has been given ; accuracy, precision and distinctness have throughout been the aim ofthe translator. An appendix is given containing words and phrases from the Greek, Latin and other foreign language, with English and Hindustani equivalents. A complaint generally made by Indian Booksellers and Publishers ofthe present day is that dictionaries do not sell, for the numberless glossaries, keys and commentaries issued by school-masters and others leave nothing that a candidatemay require forhis examinationunsaid, rendering the consultation of a dictionary an unproductive labour and a waste of time and energy. But if this be a grievance of booksellers and publishers, school-boys and school- masters have their grievance as well. The small dictionaries consulted by school-boys in this country for the most part give definitions consisting of single words, generally as difficult, as, and sometimes even more difficult than those they seek to explain. Even when definitions, more fully framed, are given, the grievance is not removed, for they are often expressed in words, which assumeDn the part ofthe student a knowledge ofwords more difficult than they consult. In this Dictionary, simple words have been used as much as possible to frame definitions which, it is hoped, men ofall classes will fin dit easy to understand. The arrangement ofwords and their meanings is, indeed perfectly simple, the matter rich and full, and the price at which it is published very low, so that it cannot fail to make.itself acceptable to all. To make this book attractive to school-boys, for whom it is mainly intended, the cloth cases in which the copies are bound up have been imported from England at con- siderable cost. Thus it will be found that nothing has been spared to (make this undertaking a thorough success. An able andefficient staffwas engaged tocompile the Dictionary. But it owes its present form to Munshi Dwarka Prasad of the Government High School, Allahabad under whose superintendence the staffworked. RAM NARAIN LAL BENI MADHO. PREFACE TO THE NEW AND ENLARGED EDITION The rapid sale of the first and subsequent Editions ofthe Student's Practical Dictionary and its large demand from all parts of the country especially from H. H. the Nizam's Dominions, furnish an abundant proof of the'exceptional favour it has found in the eyes of those for whom it has intended. This has encouraged the publisher to bring out this 'New and Revised Edition,' thoroughly revised, which is far superior to any ofits predecessors. One ofthe specialfeatures ofthis edition is the use of Antique Type in the printing of the main words and it is hoped that this improvement will make the book far more valuable as a book ofreference than its predecessors had been. In order to reduce the bulk of the book, the size has been changed to Double Crown Octavo to make it handy and easy of reference. A large number ofnew words and idiomatic phrases, or verbal aggregates with their explana- tions in English and Urdu, has been added to the main words with which they are respectively connected, and copious synonyms have also been grouped under many words requiring them throughout the book. The meanings, both in English and Urdu, have also been materially improved, and no pains have been spared to make the New and Revised Edition ofthe Dictionary more useful than its predecessors to the students in particular and for all other practical purposes in general. RAM NARAIN IAL BENI MADHO. ABBREVIATIONS OF GRAMMATICAL AND OTHER TERMS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY a. is used for