The Student’s Companion to Social Policy The Student’s Companion to Social Policy Fourth Edition Edited by Pete Alcock, Margaret May, and Sharon Wright A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2012 © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Edition history: Blackwell Publishers Ltd (1e, 1998); Blackwell Publishing Ltd (2e, 2003 and 3e, 2008) Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The students companion to social policy / edited by Pete Alcock, Margaret May, and Sharon Wright. – 4th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-65565-8 (pbk.) 1. Great Britain–Social policy. 2. Public welfare–Great Britain. 3. Social policy–Study and teaching. I. Alcock, Peter, 1951– II. May, Margaret, 1947– III. Wright, Sharon D. IV. Social Policy Association (Great Britain) HN390.S78 2012 361.6'10941–dc23 2011035242 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs 978-1-119-96080-5; ePub 978-1-119-96081-2; Mobi 978-1-119-96082-9 Set in 9.5 / 11.5 pt Minion by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2012 Contents Contributors    viii 10  Social Democracy    70 Robert M. Page Acknowledgements    xv 11  Socialist Perspectives    77 Introduction    1 Hartley Dean 12  Feminist Perspectives    83 Part I Concepts and Shona Hunter Approaches 3 13  Green Perspectives    90  1  The Subject of Social Policy    5 Michael Cahill Pete Alcock 14  Postmodernist Perspectives    96  2  Approaches and Methods    12 Tony Fitzpatrick Saul Becker  3  Social Needs, Social Problems, and  Part III Historical Context 103 Social Welfare and Well-being    19 15  History and Social Policy    105 Nick Manning David Gladstone  4  Equality, Rights, and Social  16  Nineteenth-Century   Justice    26 Beginnings    111 Peter Taylor-Gooby Bernard Harris  5  Equalities and Human Rights    33 17  The Liberal Era and the Growth   Suzi Macpherson of State Welfare    117  6  Efficiency, Equity, and Choice    40 Noel Whiteside Carol Propper 18  The Post-war    7  Altruism, Reciprocity, and  Welfare State    124 Obligation    48 Robert M. Page Hilary Land 19  Crisis, Retrenchment, and   the Impact of Neo-liberalism  Part II Key Perspectives 55 (1976–1997)    130  8  Neo-liberalism    57 Howard Glennerster Nick Ellison 20  Modernization and    9  The Conservative Tradition    64 the Third Way    135 Hugh Bochel Martin Powell vi CONTENTS Part IV Contemporary 37  Citizenship and Access   Context 143 to Welfare    255 Ruth Lister and Peter Dwyer 21  Demography    145 Jane Falkingham and Athina Vlachantoni Part VI Welfare Governance 263 22  Economic Policy and Social  38  Managing and Delivering  Policy    153 Welfare    265 Rob Sykes John Clarke 23  Religion    160 39  Accountability for Welfare    271 Rana Jawad Jackie Gulland 24  Family Policy    166 40  Welfare Users and   Jane Millar and Tina Haux Social Policy    278 25  Divisions and Difference    173 Marian Barnes Sharon Wright 41  Local and Regional Government   26  Poverty and Social Exclusion    180 and Governance    284 Pete Alcock Guy Daly and Howard Davis 27  The Distribution of Welfare    187 42  Social Policy and Devolution    291 John Hills Richard Parry 28  The Policy Process    195 43  Social Policy and   Hugh Bochel the European Union    298 Linda Hantrais 29  Evaluation and Evidence-based   Social Policy    201 44  International Organizations    306 Martin Powell Nicola Yeates Part V Welfare Production and Part VII Welfare Services 315 Provision 207 45  Income Maintenance and Social  Security    317 30  State Welfare    209 Stephen McKay and Karen Rowlingson Catherine Bochel 46  Employment    324 31  Commercial Welfare    215 Alan Deacon and Ruth Patrick Chris Holden 47  Health Care    331 32  Occupational Welfare    221 Rob Baggott Edward Brunsdon and   Margaret May 48  Education in Schools    338 Anne West 33  Voluntary Welfare    228 Jeremy Kendall 49  Lifelong Learning and Training    345 Claire Callender 34  Informal Welfare    234 Hilary Arksey and   50  Housing    352 Caroline Glendinning David Mullins and Alan Murie 35  Paying for Welfare    241 51  Social Care    359 Howard Glennerster Jon Glasby 36  Taxation and Welfare    248 52  Criminal Justice    366 Fran Bennett Tim Newburn CONTENTS vii Part VIII Services for Particular 60  Social Policy in Europe    428 Groups 375 Jochen Clasen 53  ‘Race’ and Social Welfare    377 61  Social Policy in Liberal Market  Lucinda Platt Societies    434 Michael Hill 54  Children    385 Tess Ridge 62  Social Policy in East Asian  Societies    440 55  Young People    392 Michael Hill Bob Coles 63  Social Policy in Middle   56  Older People    399 Eastern Societies    447 Kirk Mann and Gabrielle Mastin Rana Jawad 57  Disability    405 64  Social Policy in Developing  Mark Priestley Societies    455 58  Migrants and Asylum Seekers    412 Patricia Kennett Alice Bloch Appendix: The Social Policy   Part IX International Issues 419 Association (SPA)    462 59  Comparative Analysis    421 Index    464 Margaret May Notes on Contributors Pete Alcock is Professor of Social Policy and Saul Becker is Head of the School of Socio­ Administration at the University of Birming­ logy and Social Policy and Professor of Social ham and Director of the ESRC Third Sector Policy and Social Care at The University of Research Centre. He has been teaching and Nottingham. His main research interests researching in social policy for over thirty include informal family care (particularly chil­ years. He has written widely on social policy, dren who are carers – ‘young carers’), vulner­ the voluntary sector, social security, poverty able children and their families, and research and social exclusion, and anti­poverty policy. methodology in social policy. He has published extensively in these areas.). Hilary Arksey is a consultant and freelance researcher. Her main research interests lie in Fran Bennett is Senior Research Fellow (half the area of community care, particularly infor­ time) in the Department of Social Policy and mal or family caregiving. She has both pub­ Intervention at the University of Oxford. Her lished extensively in this area and undertaken interests include social security policy, gender studies for governmental and other agencies. issues, and poverty, income distribution, and participation. She is also an independent con­ Rob Baggott is Professor of Public Policy and sultant, writing on social policy issues for the Director of the Health Policy Research Unit at UK government, European Commission, De Montfort University, Leicester. He is the NGOs, and others. author of many publications on health policy. His research interests include health care Alice Bloch is Professor of Sociology at City reform, public health, a nd patient and public University London where she teaches in the involvement. areas of migration, forced migration, race and ethnicity, and research methods. Her research Marian Barnes is Professor of Social Policy in interests are in the areas of migration, forced the School of Applied Social Science at the migration, and asylum policy. University of Brighton. Her main areas of research include: user involvement and user Catherine Bochel is a principal lecturer in movements, public participation, citizenship Policy Studies in the School of Social Sciences and new forms of democratic practice, policy at the University of Lincoln. Her research inter­ and practice interfaces, mental health, older ests include participation, the policy process people, carers, and care ethics. She has written and local government, on which she has pub­ widely in these areas and has undertaken par­ lished widely. She teaches on a range of policy­ ticipative research with service users and carers. related courses.