THE STRESSED HEART DEVELOPMENTS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE Lancee, C.T., ed.: Echocardiology. 1979. ISBN ')0-247-2209-8. Baan, J, Arntzenius, A. c., Yellin, E.L., eds.: Cardiac dynamics. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2212-8. Thalen, H.J.T., Meere, c.c., eds.: Fundamentals of cardiac pacing. 1970. ISBN 90-247-2245-4. Kulbertus, H.E., Wellens, H.JJ., cds.: Sudden death. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2290-X. Dreifus, L.S., Brest, A.N., eds.: Clinical applications of cardiovascular drugs. 1980. ISBN 90-::!47-2295-0. Spencer, M. P., Reid, J. M., cds. : Cerebrovascular evaluation with Doppler ultrasound. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2348-1. Zipes, D. P., Bailey, J. c., Elharrer, V., cds.: The slow inward current and cardiac arrhythmias. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2380-9. Kesteloot, H., Joossens, J. V., eds.: Epidemiology of arterial blood pressure. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2386-8. Wackers, F.J. T., ed.: Thallium-2ot and technetium-99m-pyrophosphate myocardial imaging in the coronary care unit. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2396-5. Maseri, A., Marchesi, c., Chierchia, S., Trivella, M.G., eds.: Coronary care units. 1981. IBSN 90-247-2456-2. Morganroth, J., Moore, E.N., Dreifus, L.S., Michelson, E. L., eds.: The evaluation of new anti-arrhythmic drugs. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2474-0. Alboni, P.: Intraventricular conduction disturbances. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2483-X. Rijsterborgh, H., ed.: Echocardiology. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2491-0. Wagner, G.S., ed.: Myocardial infarction. Measurement and intervention. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2513-5. Meltzer, R. S., Roelandt, J., eds.: Contrast echocardiography. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2531-3. Amery, A., Fagard, R., Lijnen, R., Staessen, J., eds.: Hypertensive cardiovascular disease; pathophysiology and treatment. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2534-8. Bouman, L. N., Jongsma, H.J., eds.: Cardiac rate and rhythm. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2626-3. Morganroth,J., Moore, E.N., eds.: The evaluation of beta blocker and calcium antagonist drugs. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2642-5. Rosenbaum, M.B., ed.: Frontiers of cardiac electrophysiology. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2663-8. Roelandt, J., Hugenholtz, P. G., eds.: Long-term ambulatory electrocardiography. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2664-8. Adgey, A.J., ed.: Acute phase of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2675-1. Hanrath, P., Bleifeld, W., Souquet, eds.: Cardiovascular diagnosis by ultrasound. Transcsophageal, computerized, contrast, Dopplerechocardiography. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2692-1. Roelandt, J., ed.: The practice of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2745-6. Meyer, J., Schweizer, P., Erbel, R., eds.: Advances in noninvasive cardiology. 1983. ISBN 0-89838-576-8. Morganroth,Joel, Moore, E.N., eds.: Sudden cardiac death and congestive heart failure: Diagnosis and treatment. 1983. ISBN 0-89838-580-6. Perry, H.M., ed.: Lifelong management of hypertension. ISBN 0-89838-582-2. Jaffe, E. A., ed.: Biology of endothelial cells. ISBN 0-89838-587-3. Surawicz, B., Reddy c.P., Prystowsky, E.N., eds.: Tachycardias. 1984. ISBN 0-89838-588-1. Spencer, M.P., ed.: Cardiac Doppler diagnosis. ISBN 0-89838-591-1. Villareal, H. V., Sambhi, M. P., eds.: Topics in pathophysiology of hypertension. ISBN 0-89838-595-4. Messerli, F.H., ed.: Cardiovascular disease in the elderly. 1984. ISBN 0-89838-596-2. Simoons, M.L., Reiber, I.H.C., eds.: Nuclear imaging in clinical cardiology. ISBN 0-89838-599-7. Ter Keurs, H. E. D.J., Schipperheym, J.J., eds.: Cardiac left ventricular hypertrophy. ISBN 0-89838-612-8. Sperelakis, N., ed.: Physiology and pathophysiology of the heart. ISBN 0-89838-615-2. Messerli, F.H., ed.: Kidney in essential hypertension. 1983. ISBN 0-89838-616-0. Sambhi, M.P., ed.: Fundamental fault in hypertension. ISBN 0-89838-638-1. Marchesi, D., ed.: Ambulatory monitoring: Cardiovascular system and allied applications. ISBN 0-89838-642-X. Kupper, W., Macalpin, R.N., B1eifeld, W., eds.: Coronary tone in ischemic heart disease. ISBN 0-89838-646-2. Sperelakis, N., Caulfield, J. B., eds.: Calcium antagonists: Mechanisms of action on cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle. ISBN 0-89838-655-1. Godfraind, T., Herman, A. S., Wellens, D., eds.: Entry blockers in cardiovascular and cerebral dysfunctions. ISBN 0-89838-658-6. Morganroth, J., Moore, E. N., eds.: Interventions in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. ISBN 0-89838-659-4. Abel, F.L., Newman, W.H., eds.: Functional aspects of the normal, hypertrophied, and failing heart. ISBN 0-89838-665-9. Sideman, S., and Beyar, R., eds.: Simulation and imaging of the cardiac system. ISBN 0-89838-687-X. van de Wall, E., Lie, K.I., eds.: Recent views on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. ISBN 0-89838-694-2. Beamish, R.E., Singal, P.K., Dhalla, N.S., eds.: Stress and heart disease. ISBN 089838-709-4. Beamish, R.E., Panagia, V., Dhalla, N.S., eds.: Pathogenesis of stress-induced heart disease. ISBN 0-89838-710-8. Morganroth, J., Moore, E. N., eds.: Cardiac arrhythmias: New therapeutic drugs and devices. ISBN 0-89838-716-7. Mathes, P., ed.: Secondary prevention in coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. ISBN 0-89838-736-1. Stone, H. Lowell, Weglicki, W.B., eds.: Pathology of cardiovascular injury. ISBN 0-89838-743-4. Meyer, J., Erbel, R., Rupprecht, H.J., eds.: Improvement of myocardial perfusion. ISBN 0-89838-748-5. Reiber, J. H. c., Serruys, P. W., Slager, c.].: Quantitative coronary and left ventricular cineangiography. ISBN 0-89838-760-4. Fagard, R.H., Bekaert, I.E., eds.: Sports Cardiology. ISBN 0-89838-782-5. Reiber, J.H.C., Serruys, P.W., eds.: State of the art in quantitative coronary arteriography. ISBN 0-89838-804-X. Roelandt, J., ed.: Color doppler flow imaging. ISBN 0-89838-806-6. van der Wall, E.E., ed.: Noninvasive imaging of cardiac metabolism. ISBN 0-89838-812-0. Liebman, J., Plonsey, R., Rudy, Y., eds., Pediatric and fundamental electrocardiography. ISBN 0-89838-815-5. Hilger, H., Hombach, V., eds., Invasive cardiovascular therapy. ISBN 0-89838-818-X. THE STRESSED HEART EDITED BY MARIANNE]. LEGATO, M.D. Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHING A Member of the Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Boston/Dordrecht/Lancaster © 1987 by Martinus NijhoffPublishing, Boston. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Martinus NijhoffPublishing, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061 Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061 for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI IRN, UK for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Centre, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht. The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Stressed heart. (Developments in cardiovascular medicine; (62) Includes index. \. Heart-Hypertrophy-Etiology. 2. Stress (Physiology) 3. Heart-Diseases. 4. Physiology, Pathological. I. Legato, Marianne J.. 1935- II. Series: Developments in cardiovascular medicine; v. 62. [DNLM: 1. Heart-physiopathology. 2. Heart Enlargment-physiopathology. WI DE997VME v. 62/ WG200S914] RC685.H9S771987 616.1'2071 86-28474 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9214-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2041-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2041-8 For Michael R. Rosen, M.D. In recognition of his lively intelligence, his unswerving integrity, and his qualities ofleadership. They have illuminated and expanded investigative cardiology for us all. CONTENTS 1. Regulation of gene expression in the normal and overloaded heart JEAN MARIE MOALIC and BERNARD SWYNGHEDAUW 2. Cell stress and the initiation of growth 21 GRAEME L. HAMMOND 3. Subcellular growth of cardiocytes during hypertrophy 49 ROBERT J. TOMANEK and CRAIG A. CANBY 4. Capillarity and the distribution of capillaries and mitochondria in cardiac growth 67 NATALIO BANCHERO 5. The coronary vasculature during myocardial hypertrophy 87 WILLIAM M. CHILIAN, ROBERT J. TOMANEK and MELVIN L. MARCUS 6. Microcirculation in the stressed heart 107 KAREL RAKUSAN 7. Pathology and pathophysiology of the coronary microcirculation in myocardial ischemia 125 STEPHEN M. FACTOR 8. The biochemistry of myocardial failure 149 LOUIS A. SORDAHL and CLAUDE R. BENEDICT 9. Force-interval relationship and activator calcium availability: similarities of sympathetic stimulation and hypertrophy and heart failure 169 PAGE A. W. ANDERSON vii viii Contents 10. Right atrial ultrastructure in coronary artery disease: characterization of chronic ischemia 219 JOHN J. FENOGLIO, JR. and TUAN DUC PH AM 11. Connective tissue in the normal and hypertrophied heart 235 THOMAS F. ROBINSON 12. Myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac failure: a complex interrelationship 253 BARRY M. MASSIE 13. The regression of cardiac hypertrophy: functional, anatomic, and hemodynamic considerations 275 GEORGE COOPER, IV 14. Regression ofleft ventricular hypertrophy: clinical considerations 289 ANTHONY P. GOLDMAN and MORRIS N. KOTLER 15. The cardiocyte in senescence 311 ROBERT J. TOMANEK 16. Stress and sudden death 323 EDWARD M. DWYER, JR. CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Page Anderson, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics Duke University School of Medicine Durham, NC 27710 Natalio Banchero, M.D. Professor of Physiology University of Colorado Health Sciences Center 4200 East 9th A venue Denver, Colorado 80262 Claude R. Benedict, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas 77550 Craig A. Canby, M.D. Graduate Student Department of Anatomy University oflowa Cardiovascular Center Iowa City, Iowa 52242 x Contributing Authors William M. Chilian, Ph.D. Department of Medical Physiology Texas A & M University College of Medicine College Station, Texas 77843 George Cooper, IV, M.D. Professor of Medicine and Physiology Medical University of South Carolina Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine V A Medical Center 109 B Street Charleston, South Carolina 29403 EdwardM. Dwyer,jr., M.D. Professor of Clinical Medicine Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center 428 West 59th Street New York, New York 10019 Stephen Factor, M.D. Professor of Pathology and Associate Professor of Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park A venue Bronx, New York 10461 john Fenoglio, j r., M. D. Professor and Chairman, Department of Pathology Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons 622 West 168th Street New York, New York 10032 Anthony P. Goldman, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine Temple University School of Medicine Albert Einstein Medical Center York and Tabor Roads Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19141 Graeme L. Hammond, M.D. Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery Acting Chief, Cardiothoracic Surgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut 06510 xi Morris N. Kotler, M.D. Professor of Medicine Temple University School of Medicine Albert Einstein Medical Center York and Tabor Roads Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19141 Melvin L. Marcus, M.D. Professor of Medicine University ofIowa Cardiovascular Center Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Barry M. Massie, M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine University of California, San Francisco Cardiology Division (111 C) VA Hospital 4150 Clement Street San Francisco, California 94121 Jean Marie Moalic, Ph.D. INSERM U 127 Hopital Lariboisicre 41 Boulevard de la Chapelle 75010 Paris, France Karel Rakusan, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Physiology University of Ottawa College of Medicine Ottawa, Ontario Canada Thomas F. Robinson, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park A venue Bronx, New York 10461 Bernard Swynghedauw, M.D. INSERM U 127 Hopital Lariboisicre 41 Boulevard de la Chapelle 75010 Paris, France