Topic Religion Subtopic “Pure intellectual stimulation that can be popped into & Theology Christianity the [audio or video player] anytime.” —Harvard Magazine T The Story “Passionate, erudite, living legend lecturers. Academia’s h e best lecturers are being captured on tape.” S t o —The Los Angeles Times r y of t of the Bible “A serious force in American education.” h e —The Wall Street Journal B ib le Course Guidebook Professor Luke Timothy Johnson Emory University Professor Luke Timothy Johnson is renowned for his insights into Christianity. He is the Robert W. Woodruff Professor of New Testament and Christian Origins at the Emory University Candler School of Theology. A former Benedictine monk and teacher at Yale Divinity School, he is the author of acclaimed books, including The Real Jesus: The Misguided Quest for the Historical Jesus. Professor Johnson has twice received the prestigious On Eagle’s Wings Excellence in Teaching Award. THE GREAT COURSES® Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfields Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, VA 20151-2299 G USA u Phone: 1-800-832-2412 id e www.thegreatcourses.com b o Cover Image: © PhotoObjects.net/Zedcor Wholly Owned/Getty Images. o Course No. 6252 © 2006 The Teaching Company. PB6252A k PUBLISHED BY: THE GREAT COURSES Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfi elds Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, Virginia 20151-2299 Phone: 1-800-832-2412 Fax: 703-378-3819 www.thegreatcourses.com Copyright © The Teaching Company, 2006 Printed in the United States of America This book is in copyright. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of The Teaching Company. Luke Timothy Johnson, Ph.D. Robert W. Woodruff Professor of New Testament and Christian Origins Emory University Luke Timothy Johnson is the Robert W. Woodruff Professor of New Testament and Christian Origins at Emory University’s Candler School of Theology in Atlanta, Georgia. Professor Johnson earned his B.A. in philosophy from Notre Dame Seminary in New Orleans, a Master of Divinity in theology from Saint Meinrad School of Theology, an M.A. in religious studies from Indiana University, and his Ph.D. in New Testament studies from Yale University. A former Benedictine monk, Professor Johnson has taught previously at Yale Divinity School and Indiana University. He is the author of more than 20 books, including The Real Jesus: The Misguided Quest for the Historical Jesus and the Truth of the Traditional Gospels and The Writings of the New Testament: An Interpretation, which is used widely as a textbook. He has also published several hundred articles and reviews. At Indiana University, Professor Johnson received the President’s Award for Distinguished Teaching, was elected a member of the Faculty Colloquium on Excellence in Teaching, and won the Brown Derby and Student Choice awards for teaching. At Emory University, he has twice received the On Eagle’s Wings Excellence in Teaching Award. Professor Johnson is married to Joy Randazzo. They share seven children, 13 grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren. Johnson also teaches the Apostle Paul, Early Christianity: The Experience of the Divine, Great World Religions: Christianity, Jesus and the Gospels, and Practical Philosophy: The Greco-Roman Moralists for the Teaching Company. ©2006 The Teaching Company. i Table of Contents The Story of the Bible Professor Biography....................................................................................i Course Scope...............................................................................................1 Lecture One Telling the Story of a Book................................3 Lecture Two Making TaNaK..................................................7 Lecture Three Forms of Jewish Scripture...............................11 Lecture Four Birth of the Christian Bible..............................15 Lecture Five Formation of Jewish and Christian Canons.....20 Lecture Six Writing and Copying Manuscripts...................24 Lecture Seven Imperial Sponsorship and the Bible.................28 Lecture Eight Texts and Translations—The Ancient East......32 Lecture Nine Old Latin and the Vulgate................................37 Lecture Ten Other Ancient Versions....................................41 Lecture Eleven Monasteries and Manuscripts...........................45 Lecture Twelve Interpretation within Judaism...........................49 Lecture Thirteen Interpretation in Medieval Christianity............53 Lecture Fourteen The Renaissance, Printing, and the Bible........57 Lecture Fifteen The Protestant Reformation and the Bible.......61 Lecture Sixteen Translating the Bible into Modern Languages...................................65 Lecture Seventeen The First Efforts at Englishing the Bible.........69 Lecture Eighteen The King James Version..................................73 Lecture Nineteen The Romance of Manuscripts..........................76 Lecture Twenty Searching for the Critical Text.........................80 Lecture Twenty-One The Historical-Critical Approach.....................84 Lecture Twenty-Two The Bible in Contemporary Judaism................88 Lecture Twenty-Three Contemporary Christians and Their Bibles......92 Lecture Twenty-Four The Bible’s Story Continues............................96 Timeline...................................................................................................100 ii ©2006 The Teaching Company. Table of Contents The Story of the Bible Glossary...................................................................................................105 Biographical Notes..................................................................................114 Bibliography............................................................................................121 ©2006 The Teaching Company. iii iv ©2006 The Teaching Company. The Story of the Bible Scope: The Bible contains many fine stories, ranging from the sagas of the ancient patriarchs to the parables of Jesus. Even people who do not regard it as a religious authority appreciate the Bible as a collection of ancient literature that tells wonderful stories and as the source of many others. But the Bible as a book also has a story, one as fascinating in its way as any of the stories told within its pages. This is a course about the world’s most famous, most read, most debated, and sometimes, most detested book. How, when, and why did it enter the world? What have been the stages of its growth? In how many forms has it appeared? How has it exercised its influence? The story is a long one, stretching from the first collections of ancient Jewish Law hundreds of years before the Common Era, down to the present day, when the translation and production of Bibles in all the world’s languages and dialects remains a publishing phenomenon, making the Bible more reliably available in hotel rooms than the Yellow Pages. Because this is the story of a book, it must include consideration of the material elements that go into the production of all books, starting with the writing and collection of scrolls and moving through the writing and copying of manuscripts and the invention of printing, which made it possible for the Bible to be in every hand in every land. And because this is a book that has spread through the world, the story is also about languages and the process of translation. What happens when the original Hebrew of Torah is translated into Greek or when the Greek of the New Testament is translated into Latin and then into all the languages of the ancient and modern world? What new meanings do translations allow and what older meanings do they obscure? The story of the Bible is also complex. Indeed, because there are actually several Bibles, several stories must be told more or less simultaneously. Jews and Christians call different collections of compositions “the Bible” and read them in different languages. Different groups of Christians also have distinct collections that they call the Bible; although the collections of Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians overlap, they are by no means identical. Both the causes and consequences of such diversity deserve attention, especially given that the process by which canonical decisions ©2006 The Teaching Company. 1 were reached, particularly within Christianity, was by no means undisputed—and remains disputed by some even today. The Bible’s story includes the history of its reading and interpretation within the diverse religious traditions that accord it a special authority. Jews and Christians not only read different Bibles, but they interpret their sacred texts from distinct perspectives and premises. Biblical interpretation lies at the heart of Jewish and Christian identity, and the story of the Bible is inextricable from the history of these religious traditions. Interpretation takes place through the deliberate work of sages and theologians, to be sure, as a book that generates countless other books. Interpretation of the Bible also occurs through communal practices of worship and through the prayer, poetry, works of art, and musical compositions of individuals inspired by biblical imagination. This course tells the story in four stages. The first stage focuses on antiquity, tracing the way in which compositions that were written by different authors for different readers in different times and places were gathered together into collections to form, first, the Hebrew Bible, then, the New Testament. The second stage follows the process of text transmission, translation, and interpretation within Jewish and Christian communities through the medieval period. The third recounts the critical period of the Protestant Reformation, with particular attention to the implications of printing (and the possibility of individual interpretation of Scripture) and the translation of the Bible into English. The fourth stage considers the romance of the recovery of ancient manuscripts, the construction of critical editions, and the rise of critical historical scholarship on the Bible, as well as the role played by biblical translation in missionary efforts around the world. No short course can provide “everything you ever wanted to know about the Bible,” but this one makes a responsible start on a story that especially needs telling because it is at once so little known and so widely misapprehended. 2 ©2006 The Teaching Company. Lecture One Telling the Story of a Book Scope: The Bible is a powerful book even when it is not read. Regarded with fear and distrust by some, it is revered as the source of truth by many others throughout the world. Yet both responses often have little to do with the Bible’s actual contents; they are directed to the Bible as a book that has exercised peculiar influence in world history. This opening lecture addresses the odd status of the Bible as a book that has transcended the limitations of normal literature, so that it can truly be said to have a story of its own, distinct from the many fine or frightening stories it happens to contain. This lecture also sketches the general approach, governing premises, and broad outline of the course. Outline I. The Bible is perhaps best known for the many stories it contains, stories that separately and together have had a major impact on Western culture. A. Most known and loved are the vivid accounts drawn from the Hebrew Bible or New Testament that many have learned as children. 1. The Hebrew Bible is filled with individual vignettes that evoke a world of passion and drama. 2. In the New Testament, Jesus is portrayed as a speaker of parables that are impressive for their brevity and pointedness. 3. The New Testament also contains highly colored accounts concerning Jesus and his followers. 4. These individual stories constantly appear as moral lessons and as the subject of art. B. In addition to such smaller vignettes, the Bible contains stories of an epic character. 1. The account of Abraham and the other patriarchs is the saga of a people’s ancestors. 2. The story of Exodus and conquest is an epic foundation for a people’s claim to a land and an identity. ©2006 The Teaching Company. 3 3. The account of Jesus’ death and resurrection forms the mythic basis for a new sort of religious identity. C. It is even possible to speak of “the story of the Bible” as encompassing the entire sweep of narrative from Genesis to Revelation. D. For many readers, the positive shaping accomplished by the Bible’s stories is sometimes eclipsed by the negative impact of its “texts of terror,” but it is difficult to deny the impact of the Bible’s stories on the soul of the West. II. The Bible considered as a book (or, more properly, collection of books = ta biblia) also has a story quite apart from its contents. A. The Bible is a publishing phenomenon, making it the “book among books.” 1. Since 1815, it has been printed an estimated 5 billion times, in some 2,100 languages. 2. It is more reliably present in hotel rooms (the Gideon Bible) than the Yellow Pages. 3. It is undoubtedly read—and misread—by more people around the globe than any other book. B. The Bible as a book has an almost personified power that goes beyond the sum of its contents. 1. The Bible speaks as an authority (“the Bible says”) and provides surety for oaths. 2. In houses of worship, the Bible occupies a special place, and in acts of worship, it is shown honor. 3. It can even represent a mindset, as in “biblical religion,” or “the Bible-belt,” or “Bible-thumping.” III. Telling the story of the Bible as a book involves a number of complex considerations. A. Where does the story begin? 1. It is not entirely clear when we can first speak of “the Bible” as a book. 2. Both the obscure origins of the respective biblical compositions, as well as the process by which they adhere as a collection, require attention. 4 ©2006 The Teaching Company.