THE STORY OF APOLLONIUS, KING OF TYRE MNEMOSYNE BIBLIOTHECA CLASSICA BATAVA COLLEGERUNT H. PINKSTER • H. S. VERSNEL D.M. SCHENKEVELD • P. H. SCHRIJVERS S.R. SLINGS BIBLIOTHECAE FASCICULOS EDENDOS CURAVIT H. PINKSTER, KLASSIEK SEMINARIUM, OUDE TURFMARKT 129, AMSTERDAM SUPPLEMENTUM DUCENTESIMUM QUINQUAGESIMUM TERTIUM G.A.A. KORTEKAAS THE STORY OF APOLLONIUS KING OF TYRE THE STORY OF APOLLONIUS KING OF TYRE A STUDY OF ITS GREEK ORIGIN AND AN EDITION OF THE TWO OLDEST LATIN RECENSIONS BY G.A.A. KORTEKAAS BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kortekaas, G. A. A. The story of Apollonius, King of Tyre : a study of its Greek origin and an edition of the two oldest Latin recensions / by G.A.A. Kortekaas. p. cm. — (Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava. Supplementum ; 253) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13923-0 (alk. paper) 1. Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri. 2. Apollonius of Tyre (Fictitious character)— Romances—Criticism, Textual. 3. Apollonius of Tyre (Fictitious character)—Romances. 4. Latin fiction—Criticism, Textual. I. Title. II. Series. PA6206.A6 K613 2004 873’.03—dc22 2004045864 ISSN 0169-8958 ISBN 90 04 13923 0 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations 1. Abbreviations concerning the manuscript tradition . . . . . . . IX 2. Abbreviations of journals, reference books, dictionaries, etc. . X 3. Explanation of the manner of citation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII Bibliography 1. Editions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII 2. Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV 3. Commentaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV 4. Studies on the HA proper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV Prolegomena Map: The travels of Apollonius and his family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 General introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. The transmission of the text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. The contents of HA, seen from RA and RB . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Provisional conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 I Stemmata for HA(Lat) and HA(Gr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 II RA and RB as integral Late Latin texts from a Christianised milieu, probably to be localised in Rome 17 1. Late Latin elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2. Christian elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. Consequences for the interpretation, the genesis of the text and its edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.1 The constitution of the text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.2 The genesis of the text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 III RA and RB compared with each other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1. Vocabulary and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2. Indelicate terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. The role of fatum, fortuna and astrology . . . . . . . . . . 26 4. Cursus rytmicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5. Radical differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 6. RB independent of RA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 IV RA and RB as translations/adaptations of a Greek Christian intermediate phase R(Gr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1. More or less obvious translation errors . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2. Language and style reminiscent of Greek, especially of the Greek novel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.1. Words to be explained from a Greek background . . . 37 2.2. Constructions with some Greek flavour . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.3. Equal formulation in the HA and in the Greek novel 40 3. RB vis-à-vis RA (a provisional judgement) . . . . . . . . . 41 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS V A closer look at the intermediate phase R(Gr) (epitome) . . 43 1. The necessity to assume an epitome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2. Localisation, date and nature of such an epitome . . . . 47 2.1. The notion of rex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.2. Xenophon of Ephesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.3 The role of Flavius Josephus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 VI The original Greek text HA(Gr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 1. Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2. Localisation in Asia Minor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3. Language and style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4. Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.1. Internal arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.2. External arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.2.1.The riddle of Pergamon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.2.2.The coin of Caracalla (Tarsus, A.D. 215) . . . . . . . . . . 69 VII A final judgment on RA and RB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 1. Recension A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 2. Recension B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2.1. In general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2.2. Correction via a Greek variant text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2.2.1 The excurse ch.8, RB 2-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2.2.2 Proper names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 2.2.3 The ending of RA/RB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 VIII Was the HA written in Tarsus? A proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 1. Recension A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 2. Recension B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 IX The development of HA through history (summary) . . . . 93 Final conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 X Consequences for the edition of the Latin text . . . . . . . . . 97 Greek texts used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Textus Sigla recensionum et codicum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Textus RA ~ RB, Apparatus fontium, Apparatus criticus . . 103 Indices 1. Index locorum ex S.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 2. Auctores latini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 3. Auctores graeci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 4. Nomina propria et geographica (abbr. Ind. nom.) . . . . . . 260 5. Index vocum locutionumque (abbr. Ind. voc.) . . . . . . . . . . 262 6. Index grammaticus/stilisticus (abbr. Ind. gr.) . . . . . . . . . . 284 7. Index locorum HA, qui fusius explicantur . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 FOREWORD Almae matri Groninganae The charming romance Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri has not failed to share in the general revival of interest in the ancient novel. Not only have six editions been published within a span of ten years (1978-88), but an un- ceasing stream of publications keeps the romance in the forefront of attention. However, the strange fact remains that neither the relation of the manuscripts (there are two principal Latin recensions, abbreviated here respectively as RA and RB), nor the origin of the story have been clarified: is there after all a Greek story behind its Latin form, or is it simply Latin, with perhaps some Greek roots? In this state of affairs friends all over the world have suggested to me for many years to make a new edition beside that embodied in my thesis of 1984, with limited attention to the manuscripts, their vicissitudes and orthography, but with great emphasis upon the readability of the story, and most importantly, its Greek origin. In order to demonstrate this Greek origin a great deal of material, Latin as well as Greek, needs to be examined. It would have been the most elegant and no doubt also the most practical procedure to have published text and commentary simul- taneously, perhaps in two volumes. Numerous considerations, some of them of a personal nature, have however caused me to decide to publish, for the time being, only the parallel texts of RA and RB in as readable a format as possible. The publication of the second volume, in which a line- by-line comparison of RA and RB will be presented, has been postponed to a later date. For the convenience of the reader the evidence which we deem most relevant is discussed in the Introduction with copious annota- tion. A separate index (G, see the Table of Contents) provides a guide by chapter to all passages cited in the Introduction. I should like to dedicate this study, the fruit of many years of Apollonian study, to the University of Groningen: not only did Professor P.J. Enk initiate me for many years into this field of research, not only did I write my doctoral dissertation under the supervision of Professors R.E.H. Westendorp Boerma and L.J. Engels, but I have met there many people whose friendship has meant very much to my wife and myself. I also gratefully remember my collaboration with Prof. H. Hofmann, the initiator and stimulating force behind The Groningen Colloquia. In preparing this book I have enjoyed the support of many friends and colleagues. In the first place I would like to thank Prof. R. Ziegler of Duisburg, Germany, for his readily given help, based on a profound VIII FOREWORD knowledge, on thorny numismatic questions concerning the so-called “Caracalla coin”. I would also like to express my thanks to the anonymous reader who at the request of the publisher read my text and made several suggestions of great value about the treatment of various topics, and who finally through his fiat made it possible for this book to be published by Messrs. Brill. Some people, however, who from the very first have assisted me from day to day should be singled out for a special word of thanks. Mrs. Marij Becking, who typed the entire manuscript with all its corrections with unabating energy, Dr. A. Hilhorst for reading carefully the whole manuscript, suggesting me many emendations and sharper formulations, and Dr. G.H.V. Bunt, who, as always, has kindly monitored my English. And ‘last but not least’ I would like to express my gratitude to Professor W.J. Aerts, who in more ways than one has given shape to this edition, by valuable observations on points of detail, but above all by encouragement and advice. This study would never have been completed without the very helpful assistance over many years from the Groningen University Library and the Buma Library at Leeuwarden. The assistance given me by the director of the Buma Library, Mr. L. de Vries, particularly on bibliographical matters, has been especially helpful to me. For the outward appearance of this volume I am indebted to my next of kin: Sandro Kortekaas, who took care of the photographic material, and his partner Jan van Stralen, who undertook the often extremely complex work of type-setting. They, together with my wife, have given me marvellous support in the final stages of the preparation of this book. Spring 2004 G. Kortekaas ABBREVIATIONS 1 ABBREVIATIONS CONCERNING THE MANUSCRIPT TRADITION HA Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri HA(Gr) HA, in its probably original Greek form RA Recension A Ra group of manuscripts predominantly based on RA RB Recension B RT,RSt,RE,RBern,Rb groups of manuscripts predominantly based on RB RT Tegernsee Recension RSt Stuttgart Recension RE Erfurt Recension RBern Bern Recension Rb Recension mingling RB with recensions predominantly based on RB RC Recension C, manuscripts approximately equally based onand RB Hi HA, according to Klebs, in its original pagan Latin form from the 3rd century A.D. R according to Klebs the oldest stage of Christian adaptation R(Gr) HA, as an epitomized Greek, Christian text 1 For a more detailed account of the principal Recensions and their subdivision see the remarks preceding the Latin text.