The Speeches of Peter in the Acts of the Apostles H.N. Ridderbos, D. Theol. THE TYNDALE NEW TESTAMENT LECTURE, 1961 [p.5] In this monograph I wish to concern myself with a number of speeches in the first ten chapters of the Book of Acts attributed to the apostle Peter. The content of these speeches is of great importance. In the form in which they have been handed down to us they purport to give us, from the lips of the apostle, the first — perhaps we may say ‘theological’— reflections upon the magnalia Dei, the great works of God in the coming of Christ, His death and resurrection, and the pouring out of the Holy Spirit which proceeded from Him. There are two methods which might be adopted in studying these speeches. One might separate the speeches from the literary context in which they occur, scrutinize the contents and try to distil a ‘theology of Peter’ from them. The objection to this method is that it considers the speeches entirely by themselves as documents about Peter and pays no attention to the function which they have in the literary and theological structure of the Book of Acts. Although I by no means wish to belittle the significance of these speeches as documents concerning Peter, and shall speak about that aspect later, I wish first to speak about the place and significance which they have in the structure and design of the Book of Acts as a whole. THE PLACE OF THE SPEECHES IN THE BOOK OF ACTS The first thing that may be said in this connection is that the speeches of Peter, together with similar discourses by other persons, are of special significance for the literary structure of the Book of Acts. It is clearly the purpose of the writer of the book — who in our opinion is none other than Luke — by means of these speeches to give illustrations of the preaching and progress of the gospel in the various historical situations which the Book of Acts describes. Thus the speeches serve the writer as material to characterize and illustrate his account. As evidence for this statement I would briefly draw attention to the following. It has been observed by many scholars that in Acts 1: 8 Luke gives a sort of programme of what he is going [p.6] to describe in the rest of his book.1 Here the risen Lord says to His disciples: ‘You shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judaea and Samaria and to the end of the earth.’2 Later, when the author 1 Cf., e.g. E. Haenchen, Die Apostelgeschichte (Meyer, Kommentar, 11110), 1956, p. 115. In his important article ‘The “Book of Acts” the confirmation of the Gospel’, Novum Testamentum, 1960, pp. 26-59, W. C. van Unnik opposes the view that 1: 8 can form a suitable starting-point for arriving at a correct insight into the purpose of Acts (p. 39). One can agree with him, but it is difficult to deny that 1: 8 and 9: 15 suggest the broad outline along which the account of Acts proceeds. 2 All quotations are from the RSV. comes to describe the preaching of the gospel outside the land of the Jews, we find a new and more detailed indication of the further contents of the book. The figure who then appears in the foreground is Paul. And it is said of him that he must bear the name of Christ ‘before the Gentiles and kings and the sons of Israel’ (Acts 9: 15). The course of the Book of Acts accords with these two statements. It describes the progress of the witness to Jesus Christ. This witness begins at ‘Jerusalem’ (chapters 2-7), proceeds further in ‘Judaea and Samaria’ (chapters 8-11) and finally goes on its way to the ‘end of the earth ‘ (chapters 13ff.). In this latter stage we find described first Paul’s activity as a witness among the ‘Gentiles’ (chapters 13-20), then his speaking before ‘kings’ (chapters 24-26) and finally his witness to ‘the sons of Israel ‘ (chapters 22, 28), entirely according to the programme sketched for us in 1: 8 and 9: 15. Further, it is very remarkable that the position of the great speeches in Acts entirely accords with this scheme. They are held at exactly those places in the progress of the witness to Christ which are indicated in Acts 1: 8 and 9: 15. The first three speeches are held at Jerusalem where the gospel begins its course, two by Peter (2: 14-40; 3: 12-26) and one by Stephen (7: 2-53); then one at Caesarea, by Peter (10: 34-43), is recorded as evidence of the preaching of the gospel in ‘Judaea and Samaria’. Of Paul’s speeches three are given among the ‘Gentiles’ (13: 16-41; 17: 22-31; 20: 18-35), two before ‘kings’ (24: 10-21; 26: 2-23) and two before the ‘sons of Israel’ (22: 1-21; 28: 25-28). On the basis of this we may conclude that the speeches in Acts are typical, carefully selected examples or illustrations of the witness to Christ in its progress from Jerusalem to the ends of the earth. The typical nature of the speeches is apparent not only from [p.7] the geographical progress of the gospel which they represent, but also from the diversity of the persons in the audiences to which they were addressed. The following list gives us an insight into this: 1. Acts 2: 14-40: Speech of Peter to the Jews and proselytes at Jerusalem on the Day of Pentecost. 2 Acts 3: 12-26: Speech of Peter to the Jews at Jerusalem. 3 Acts 7: 2-53: Speech of Stephen before the Jewish Council. 4 Acts 10: 34-43: Speech of Peter to Cornelius, a proselyte, and his friends at Caesarea. 5 Acts 13: 16-41: Speech of Paul to the Jews among the Gentiles. 6 Acts 17: 22-31: Speech of Paul to the Gentiles on the Areopagus. 7 Acts 20: 18-35: Speech of Paul to Christians among the Gentiles. 8 Acts 22: 1-21: Speech of Paul to the Jewish people at Jerusalem. 9 Acts 24: 10-2 I: Speech of Paul to Felix. 10 Acts 26: 2-23: Speech of Paul to King Agrippa. 11 Acts 28: 25-28: Speech of Paul to the unbelieving Jews at Rome. This analysis makes it clear that Luke’s second book is not only, or primarily, a collection of documents setting out all that he knew of persons such as Peter and Paul. Rather, he selects from his material that which will help him achieve the purpose which he bears in mind throughout the book: that of describing the continuing work here on earth performed by the ascended Christ through the service of His apostles. Thus, in his second book as in the first, Luke remains an evangelist, recording the coming and work of Jesus Christ. Acknowledgment of these facts sets our desire for historical knowledge of earliest Christianity, the fate of the apostles, their theological insights and ideas, within bounds. These are valid also for our present subject. Possibly we would like to learn from Acts more about Peter and his ‘theology’. But we must realize that Peter’s speeches are not given us for this purpose. Luke is not interested in what is specifically Petrine or Pauline. Their joint significance in the service of Christ and the gospel is more important to his purpose than anything which is peculiar to the one or to the other. That is why the speeches in Acts cannot serve as a primary source for the ‘theology’ of Peter [p.8] and Paul. For that, one must always consult primarily their Epistles. On the other hand, however, all this does not mean that we should agree with those modern scholars who ascribe only a literary significance to the speeches in the Acts and either greatly doubt, or entirely deny. their historical value. Since this opinion is .often encountered in the more recent commentaries and monographs on Acts, it is not beside the point to go into this matter a little deeper. It is often suggested that the speeches as we have them in the Acts were not delivered by the persons to whom they are ascribed (Peter, Stephen, Paul), but that they are rather the literary compositions of the author of Acts, namely Luke. The well-known German scholar Martin Dibelius, who has paid much attention to the literary composition of Acts, has, in particular, defended this view.3 In so doing he appeals to the function of speeches in classical history- writing, in particular in the works of Thucydides who constantly weaves speeches into his accounts, putting into the mouths of various persons speeches which are in fact his own compositions. This is by no means done in order to give a false or fictitious account of history. He uses the speeches: simply as a literary form by which he may better depict certain historical situations; and he presupposes that his readers will understand that they should regard the speeches in this way. According to the opinion of various modern scholars one must regard the speeches in Acts in ‘the same way, i.e. as free compositions of the author Luke who intended thus to portray situations in the lives of the apostles in words purporting to come from their own mouths. Thus these speeches are of value in helping to set forth historical situations, but are not themselves historical. An author such as Dibelius denies their historicity almost completely.4 The arguments in favour of this view are chiefly as follows: that the speeches in Acts appear to be composed according to a ‘fixed plan, which is considered to be the work of Luke; further, that the Greek of these speeches is largely that which is characteristic of both Luke’s historical works; and finally, that one can trace little or no specifically Petrine or Pauline theology in these speeches. This, then, all serves as an argument for the view that, though Luke may here and there have made use of transmitted material, he composed these speeches himself, and that 3 M. Debilius, Aufsätze zur Apostelgeschichte, 1951, 120ff. 4 Haenchen’s judgment is even more radical, op. cit., p. 97. [p.9] they have no historical core or content, but must be regarded as literary products similar to those in Greek historical writings. This view, which has found many supporters among the German form geschichtliche (form- history) school (although not only there), is strongly disputed by others5, in our opinion on solid grounds. It is certainly true that Luke’s work is not primarily biographical. It is also true that in his rendering of the speeches of Peter and Paul he does not permit himself to be guided by motives of a historical-theological kind. But this by no means indicates that these speeches have no historical value and that we must attribute them to Luke instead of to Peter or Paul. Luke has undoubtedly taken great care to allocate to each of these speeches a place in the Book of Acts as a whole. But this kind of arrangement is also true of the discourses of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew; yet no-one would wish to compare those discourses to the speeches in Thucydides. Therefore, to our mind, to maintain that these speeches are more or less free compositions of Luke shows a total lack of appreciation of his writings. For even though Luke’s book may not be a biography of Peter or Paul, none the less the value of it depends upon the historical character of his information. For it is his purpose to depict the confirmation of the Gospel in the deeds and in the preaching of the apostles. Therefore the content of the preaching and the manner in which it was done were no less important than its geographical extension. It is, upon reflection, hard to imagine that Luke should not have been acquainted with the content and manner of the apostles’ preaching. He had no need (as did the Greek historian) to give new life to vague figures out of the dim past by putting into their mouths speeches of his own composition in order that they might appear, speaking, in his account. Luke knew from what he had himself seen and heard how Paul made his appearance and preached. And he had no lack of connection with people such as John Mark and Philip who had personally experienced the first years of the Church at Jerusalem.6 This does not, of course, mean that there was a shorthand account of everything that the apostles had said on any and every occasion. But it was not difficult for those who had heard the apostolic preaching again and again, to remember its content and the way in which Peter in particular, the great spokesman of the early days, had [p.10] witnessed to Christ. No-one who thinks of the recording of the history of salvation in its historical context need be surprised that Luke could not recover and reproduce the very words which Peter had spoken. It is not strange that the Greek form of this preaching should bear the characteristics of Luke’s own linguistic style and manner of expression.7 But that does not mean that the fixed plan and stereotyped construction of these speeches, the method of citing Scripture and the peculiarly archaic expressions occurring in these speeches, stemmed from Luke and not from Peter. For just as certain expressions and stylistic characteristics in these speeches may be attributed to Luke, so on the other hand may it be asserted that the content of Peter’s speeches does not bear the marks of the Hellenist Luke. We shall have occasion to return to this matter of content in detail later. But here it may already safely be stated that 5 For a summary of the discussion, see B. M. F. van lersel, ‘Der Sohn’ in den synoptischen Jesusworten, 1961, pp. 31ff. 6 Cf. Bo Reicke, Glauben und Leben der Urgemeinde, 1957, p. 7. 7 Particulars in van Iersel, op. cit., pp. 34-40. neither the Christological terminology nor the remarkable method of citing Scripture in these speeches — to mention just two points — bear the marks of later development. We may rather assert that they have a decidedly ‘old-fashioned’ character. The same is true of the construction of these speeches, the underlying pattern which they show. Careful analysis shows that the same elements constantly recur in these speeches.8 This is very clearly the case with the three speeches of Peter in Acts 2: 14-36, 40; 3: 12-26; 10: 34- 43. After the exordium, in which the concrete occasion for the speech is discussed, there follows in all three speeches the testimony concerning Jesus of Nazareth, in which the following elements may be distinguished: (a) His ordaining by God; (b) His miracles; (c) His death and resurrection; (d) the agreement of the Scriptures; (e) His exaltation in heaven; (f) the apostles’ authority as His witnesses. Then follows in all three speeches the paraenesis: (a) the call to conversion in the light of the judgment; (b) the promise of the forgiveness of sins; (c) the call of the Jews first, and then the Gentiles. This pattern, which apart from some change in order recurs almost unaltered in Paul’s speech in Acts 13: 16-41, and also determines the main contents of the speeches in chapters 17, 20, 22 and 26, should not be regarded as a free invention of Luke, [p.11] but rather as the basic pattern of the historical apostolic preaching.9 These general considerations enable us to form a tentative judgment about the speeches of the apostles in general and about those of Peter in particular. These speeches should be regarded not as a literal record of the exact words of Peter, Paul, etc., but as illustrations of apostolic preaching in various characteristic situations. As such they reproduce the general form of the original preaching of the apostles. The speeches of Peter in particular show very characteristic ‘old’ elements, as will become apparent from the rest of this paper. These speeches are, therefore, of untold significance for our knowledge of early Christianity, and in particular the original apostolic kerygma. Particularly in reference to the speeches of Peter we are dealing with the foundation upon which Christ promised to build His Church, Matthew 16: 18; cf. Ephesians 2: 20; Revelation 21: 14. It is with this especially in mind that we will now attempt to analyse further the characteristic contents of these speeches. 8 Cf. my article ‘Karakter en structuur van de grote redevoeringen, opgenomen in de Handelingen der Apostelen’, Gereformeerd Theologisch Tijdschrift, 1934, pp. 49-86, 225-244; M. Dibelius, op. cit., pp. 142ff. and his earlier work Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums2, 1933, p. 15; C. H. Dodd, The Apostolic Preaching and its Developments7, 1951, pp. 7ff.; E. Schweizer, ‘Zu den Reden der Apostelgeschichte’, Theologische Zeitschrift, 1957, pp. 1-11. 9 E. Schweizer comes to a different conclusion: ‘Offenkundig ist zunächst die Einheit der Reden, vor allem in ihre Gesamtstructur, aber auch in einer ganzen Reihe von Einzelheiten. Es dürfte deutlich sein, dasz em und derselbe Verfasser sie gestaltet hat, indem er nur bei Einzelpunkten Traditionen aufgenommen hat’, op. cit., p. 10. The evidence that the general pattern of these speeches goes back to the apostolic tradition itself is, however, far greater. The heart of it is to be found also in Paul’s traditional witness in 1 Corinthians 15: 1-8, as Dodd (op. cit.) has pointed out (see his survey at the end of the book); see also van Iersel, op. cit., p. 42. And the repetition of special elements (for instance in the quotation of the Old Testament) does not prove the hand of the same author of these speeches, but rather the stereotyped character of the apostolic preaching; for further details see the present writer’s article quoted in note 8. THE SPEECHES OF PETER Further consideration shows us that we are particularly concerned with three speeches, namely Peter’s speech on the Day of Pentecost in Acts 2; his speech to the Jews after the healing of the cripple in Acts 3; and his speech to Cornelius and his company in Acts 10. Besides these we may mention Peter’s speech in Acts 1; Peter’s defence before the Jewish Council in Acts 4: 9-12 and in 5: 29-32; finally also the prayer of the Church after the release of Peter and John, Acts 4: 24-30. From all this extensive material the speech in Acts 1 stands apart. This speech is important not so much for our knowledge of the original apostolic kerygma, as for the insight it gives us into the apostolate itself. In this respect the speech in Acts 1 throws light upon [p.12 the character and significance of the work of the apostles in the Acts, including their speeches. Thus the core of our subject resides in the speeches in Acts 2, 3 and 10. They were delivered on three separate occasions and each has its own particular importance. The speech in Acts 2 on the Day of Pentecost serves especially to explain the pouring out of the Holy Spirit; the speech in Acts 3 lays emphasis on the fact that the door of salvation is still not yet shut for the Jews, even though they crucified Jesus, in fact it stresses that God appeals to them first of all. The speech in Acts 10, on the other hand, especially opens the door to the Gentiles. Because of this triple point of view one might give preference to dealing with the content of these three speeches separately, one after the other. In this case one would regard the speech in Acts 2 as the foundation for the speeches in Acts 3 and 10, in fact for all the other speeches in Acts. Each of the other two speeches (in Acts 3 and 10) would then have to be dealt with from its respective point of view, namely of Jewish (Acts 3) and Gentile (Acts 10) participation in salvation. Although this method has many attractions, one objection to it is that it would involve much repetition. For, as we have already noticed, all the speeches in the Acts, and particularly the three given by Peter, are composed on the same pattern and plan. It therefore seems better to work from the basis of this pattern and consider the speeches in synthesis. Thus, the factors which they have in common receive the greatest attention, and at the same time we have an opportunity to make use of the more incidental statements of Peter before the Sanhedrin in Acts 4 and 5, and of the very characteristic prayer of Peter and the Church at the end of Acts 4. According to the common pattern of the speeches all this material may conveniently be grouped into four sections: (a) eschatology; (b) apostolicity; (c) Christology; (d) paraenesis. The third of these is naturally the most important. It is also closely connected with the paraenetic element with which all the speeches end, and with the ‘according to the Scriptures’ which, particularly in the speeches of Peter, plays such an important part. a. Eschatology The first thing that comes clearly to the fore in Peter’s speeches, and what one might call the ground on which all his preaching rests, is the consciousness that the time of eschatological fulfilment has dawned. This is explicitly stated in only a few places. But it is the great presupposition behind his whole kerygma, and everything else finds its place and its significance within this [p.13] eschatological setting. This is most clearly expressed at the beginning of the great speech on the Day of Pentecost. In replying to those who mistook the gift of the Holy Spirit for drunkenness, Peter states that in the pouring out of the Holy Spirit the prophecy of Joel concerning the last days is fulfilled (Acts 2: 16, 17): ‘this is what was spoken by the prophet Joel: “And in the last days it shall be, God declares, that I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh”.’ In Joel this phrase ‘the last days’ means the time that immediately precedes the day of the Lord (cf. Acts 2: 20). In the kerygma of Peter we do not find any strict boundaries set between different eschatological times. What is clear is that with the coming of Christ the messianic age, so long predicted by the prophets, has begun. The fulfilling of the prophecy has begun and is demonstrably present: ‘this is what was spoken by the prophet’ (2: 16); ‘what God foretold by the mouth of all the prophets, ... he thus fulfilled’ (3: 18); ‘all the prophets… proclaimed these days’ (3: 24); ‘this is the stone which was rejected by you builders’ (4: 11); Herod, Pontius Pilate, the Gentiles and the peoples of Israel now fulfil in Jerusalem all that ‘thy hand and thy plan had predestined to take place’ (4: 28); what happened to Christ is according to ‘the definite plan and foreknowledge of God’ (2: 23); just as also in the betrayal and the fate of Judas the preceding prophecy ‘must be fulfilled’ (1: 16). When there is mention here of God’s ‘plan and foreknowledge’ and of the fact that the prophecy must be fulfilled, it is not only a divine foreknowledge or ‘predestination’, whereby all things follow their unavoidable course, that is intended. This ‘plan ‘and’ foreknowledge’ and this ‘must’ represent the terminology of the history of salvation, of the great eschatological drama, which is now being enacted. As has already been said, this consciousness dominates the speeches of Peter, just as it is also the great presupposition in the preaching of Jesus and Paul, in fact of the whole New Testament. Peter speaks of this fulfil- ment in a comprehensive way, by which I mean that he includes in it both present and future. The fulfilling of the prophecy and the dawning of the great future is partly already realized, namely in the coming, the death, the resurrection, the glorification of Christ and the pouring out of the Holy Spirit; it belongs partly to the future, for it is also Christ who is ‘the one ordained by God to be judge of the living and the dead’ (10: 42). The parae- [p.14] nesis in the speeches is thus also aimed at the repentance of the hearers in view of the ‘great and manifest day’ (2: 20), which is still awaited. The ‘being saved’ which is constantly mentioned (2: 21, 40, 47; 4: 9, 12; 5: 31) has both a present and a future significance. It is well known that the relation between the present and the future aspects of salvation in the New Testament forms one of the most debated problems in New Testament literature. We must notice that in the speeches of Peter there is no trace of any tension between the two points of view. Again, the relation between the two and the significance and length of the interval between Christ’s ascension and second coming do not constitute a subject for conscious reflection in the speeches. The only place in which Peter discourses on these things in his speeches is the difficult statement in 3: 19-21, where he addresses the unconverted Jews as follows: ‘Repent therefore, and turn again, that your sins may be blotted out, that times of refreshing may come from the presence of the Lord, and that he may send the Christ appointed for you, Jesus, whom heaven must receive until the time for establishing all that God spoke by the mouth of his holy prophets from of old.’ The emphasis in this passage is on the still awaited revelation of the Messiah Jesus. This does not alter the fact that in Him the prophecy has already found its provisional fulfilment (cf. 3: 22, 26). But there is still a distance between the beginning and the end of ‘these days’ of the fulfilment (verse 24). The time of repentance is further prolonged and the promise of the great future and of the messianic salvation remains valid even for unbelieving Israel. That is all included in the divine plan of salvation. The ascension of Christ signifies a new interim period. This is the meaning of the words that the heaven ‘must’ receive Him until the time for establishing all things. This ‘must’ happens in accordance with the eschatological plan of salvation of God. We are of the opinion that the difficult expression ‘times of refreshing’ in verse 20 is also to be understood of the future messianic time of salvation and the second coming of Christ. The salvation of the coming age is here contrasted with the oppression which the Jewish people also share in the present age.10 [p.15] It is a remarkable fact that neither here nor in any other part of the kerygma of Peter in the Acts does the nearness of the second coming of Christ receive any special emphasis. Although the final fulfilling of the prophecy by the return of Christ in the flesh was certainly at the centre of interest among the early Christian Church, we read nothing in these first chapters of the Acts of an expectation that this final coming of the Lord in the flesh was immediately at hand. It has become a sort of dogma for some modern scholars, especially in Germany and Switzerland, that the first Christians lived in the expectation of the immediate nearness of Christ’s parousia (the so-called Nah-erwartung). Because there can be no appeal to the Acts for support of this theory, Luke’s work is seen in recent literature as a first attempt at giving an a posteriori theological explanation for the failure of Jesus to appear, coming on the clouds. To this end Luke is supposed to have attempted to introduce a new co-ordination between the history of God’s great deeds in Christ and the continuing history of the world. In doing this he is supposed to have departed from original Christianity which, according to this theory, made no allowance for the continuance of world history but lived in the consciousness of the imminence of the end.11 The discrepancy which some declare to exist here rests, in my opinion, on two unwarranted conclusions. In the first place the fact that the sense of expectancy of the imminent end of the world is lacking in the Acts in general, and in Peter’s speeches in particular, by no means indicates that the sense of living at the turning-point of the ages is lacking, nor that the eschatological perspective has taken on infinite dimensions. As we have been able to demonstrate, the speeches of Peter are, upon closer examination, full of the certainty that the fulfilling of the prophecy (Paul would say ‘the fullness of time’) has arrived and that therefore in the ‘eschatological present’ the expected fulfilment of the divine plan of salvation and of the work of the Messiah has already begun. However, the fact that the 10 It is true that we do not elsewhere find the expression kairoˆ ¢nayÚxewj as a description of the coming of the Messiah or the future world. The same thought, however, is expressed in 2 Thessalonians I: 7 and in Pirqe Aboth iv. 17 (cf. Strack- Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, II, 1924, p. 626). 11 See Ph. Vielhauer, ‘Zum “Paulinismus” der Apostelgeschichte’, Evangelische Theologie, 1952, pp. 1-15; H. Conzelmann, ‘Die Mitte der Zeit’, Studien zur Theologie des Lukas3, 1960; E. Käsemann, ‘Das Problem des historischen Jesus’, Zeitchrift für Theologie und Kirche, 1954, pp. 125ff. emphasis in Peter’s speeches is sometimes not on the future but much more upon the manifest work of God in the present cannot be summoned as evidence that the speeches (or even the whole book of Acts) are of a later date, since this emphasis shows a radical change of spiritual climate [p.16] from that of earliest Christianity, as far as eschatological expectation is concerned. These speeches are much rather evidence of the tremendous certainty of the first Christians that they lived at the turning-point of the ages. It was simply because what had already happened was of such immense importance to them that their attention was focused less upon the expected consummation, than upon the fulfilment which had already begun. The death and resurrection of Christ, the pouring out of the Holy Spirit, was, so to speak, for the moment enough to claim all their spiritual attention, to cause them to announce the good news to others and to spur them on to action. Not only the future but also the present, not only the heaven but also the earth in all its extent and need had already come to stand for them in a different light: the light of the salvation and power of the Lord. There is therefore, in the second place, no ground for supposing a discrepancy between the so- called Nah-erwartung of the original Christian Church, and the spiritual climate of the Acts in which the eschatological future is already supposed to have receded into the background. Where, we may ask, do we find the original Christian Church gathered together in the attitude supposed to have existed among them by the protagonists of this Nah-erwartung theory? Where have they been depicted as speaking, acting, carrying on in the world in a manner different from that described in the Acts of the Apostles? Where has the sense of the nearness of Christ’s return hindered them from seeing their earthly vocation, the missionary command, even the whole continuing history of the world and mankind, in the light of the fulfilment already seen in Christ; and where has the Nah-erwartung led to idleness and disinterestedness in temporal life, other than where the church was side-tracked, as in Thessalonica where rebuke was necessary on the apostle’s part? What do we really know of the life of the original Christian Church apart from what we learn from the Acts of the Apostles? This being so, there is no ground for doubting the historical credibility of the Acts or of the original apostolic kerygma as depicted for us in the speeches of Peter. We have no documents which can better enable us to appreciate the eschatological setting of the life of the early Christian Church than these speeches and the picture which Luke draws for us in the first chapters of Acts. We therefore agree with those scholars who are of opinion that the representatives of the so-called ‘consistent eschatology’ view are guided more by dogmatic than by historical criteria. Our conclusion on this point is that the character of the eschatological [p.17] consciousness in the speeches of Peter must be regarded as of extreme importance in forming a right judgment on New Testament eschatology. b. Apostolicity A second point that deserves separate attention is Peter’s constantly repeated appeal to the fact that he was an ear- and eyewitness of what he preached concerning Christ, in particular His resurrection from the dead. In this connection the speech in Acts 1 prior to the election of Matthias is of special importance. In it two things become clear, firstly that there were others besides the twelve disciples who could act as witnesses of all that had taken place since the baptism of John; and secondly, that none the less the commission and ministry of being a witness was limited to the twelve. Matthias was chosen in Judas’s place to become a witness to the resurrection of Christ together with the eleven (1:22, cf. verse 26); and the function of being a witness is spoken of as ‘this ministry and apostleship’ (verse 25). Thus right in the first chapter the unique character of this function of being a witness is made plain, and it is identified with the apostolate. This observation is of importance in clearly distinguishing the character and authority of what is said and done in the rest of the Book of the Acts. Thus it is certainly no coincidence that this special being a witness is constantly mentioned in the speeches, particularly in those of Peter. When he speaks of the resurrection of Christ in his speech on the Day of Pentecost he immediately follows it with the words ‘of that we all are witnesses’ (2: 32), and in 3: 15 the same words occur in the same connection. In both chapter 4 and chapter 5 in the speeches before the Sanhedrin there is again this consciousness of being witnesses: ‘we cannot but speak of what we have seen and heard’ (4: 20) and ‘we are witnesses to these things’ (5: 32). Peter speaks more fully and more deliberately about this function of being a witness in his speech to Cornelius: ‘And we are witnesses to all that he (Jesus) did both in the country of the Jews and in Jerusalem’ (10: 39); and when he tells of Jesus’ appearance after His resurrection he says that this appearance did not take place before ‘all the people but to us who were chosen by God as witnesses, who ate and drank with him after he rose from the dead. And he commanded us to preach to the people, and to testify that he is the one ordained by God to be judge of the living and the dead’ (10: 41, 42). Thus the witness of the [p.18] apostles is here linked up with the history of salvation itself. They have been chosen by God for this and have been commanded by God to witness (cf. Acts 1: 2). This emphasis on the witnessing character of apostolic preaching is important in two respects. In the first place this lays the greatest possible emphasis on the factual content of the preaching. The original kerygma rests upon what has happened. And the resurrection forms the very heart of this. The entire apostolic preaching can be described as ear- and eye-witness testimony to the resurrection. It is always concerned with the great deeds of God in Jesus Christ. It is these to which faith must be directed, and it is because of these that repentance must commence. In 1 Corinthians 15 we find that the apostle Paul lays the same emphasis on facts, especially on the fact of the resurrection. But the importance and force of so doing is nowhere revealed more strongly than in the speeches of Peter. In this respect, too, they bear the hallmark of foundation-laying apostolic preaching. In the second place it is of outstanding significance that this function of being a witness is identified with the apostolate as fully authorized by God and Christ. All that ‘Jesus began to do and teach’ (1: 1) is continued and confirmed by the witness of the apostles. Thus they receive their own special place in the history of salvation. Not only the great deeds of God in Christ Jesus themselves, but also their proclamation by God’s appointed witnesses, belong to the execution of God’s plan of salvation. Therefore the written record of the words and deeds of the apostles as set down in the Acts of the Apostles is not merely meant as biography of the apostles or a sketch of the history of the early Church — the Acts is far too fragmentary and incomplete for such a purpose — but as evidence of the certainty of the Christian faith (cf. Lk.