THE SOVIET UNION AND THE THIRD WORLD Also by E. J. Feuchtwanger DISRAELI, DEMOCRACY AND THE TORY PARTY PRUSSIA: MYTH AND REALITY GLADSTONE UPHEAVAL AND CONTINUITY: A CENTURY OF GERMAN HISTORY (editor) SOVIET MILITARY POWER AND PERFORMANCE (editor with John Erickson) THE SOVIET UNION AND THE THIRD WORLD Edited by E. J. Feuchtwanger and Peter Nailor Selection and editorial matter ©E. J. Feuchtwanger and Peter Nailor 1981 Chapters 1-9 inclusive ©The Macmillan Press Ltd 1981 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981 978-0-333-28736-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First published 1981 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-1-349-05416-9 ISBN 978-1-349-05414-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-05414-5 Typeset in Great Britain by ART PHOTOSET LIMITED Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire Contents Nares on rhe Conrribwors vii Editors' Preface IX PART I GENERAL ASPECTS 1 Introduction: Political and Ideological Aspects 3 Otto Pick 2 The New Military Instruments 12 Jonathan Alford 3 Soviet Trade with the Third World 30 Brian Pockney 4 The Commercial Policies of the Communist Third World 79 A. General: Peter Wiles and Alan Smith B. Country Studies Mozambique: Nicos Zafiris Angola: Nicos Zafiris Ethiopia: Barry Lynch Somalia: Barry Lynch People's Democratic Republic of Yemen: Yukimasa Chudo PART II REGIONAL ASPECTS 5 The Soviet Union in the Middle East: Great Power in Search of a Leading Role 117 Karen Dawisha 6 Colossus or Humbug? The Soviet Union and its Southern Neighbours 137 Malcolm Yapp 7 The Soviet Union in South-East Asia 164 Michael Leifer 8 The Soviet Union and Africa: How Great a Change? 183 James Mayall 9 The Soviet Experience in the Horn of Africa 202 Christopher Clapham Index 225 vi Notes on the Contributors Jonathan Alford is Deputy Director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Christopher Clapham is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Politics at the University of Lancaster. Karen Dawisha is Lecturer in the Department of Politics at the University of Southampton. E. J. Feuchtwanger is Reader in History at the University of Southampton. Michael Leifer is Reader in the Department of International Relations at the London School of Economics. James Mayan is Senior Lecturer in the Department of International Relations at the London School of Economics. Peter Nailor is Professor of History at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Otto Pick is Professor of International Relations at the University of Surrey. Brian Pockney is Director of Russian Studies in the Department of Linguistic and International Studies at the University of Surrey. Peter Wiles is Professor of Russian Social and Economic Studies at the London School of Economics. Yukimasa Chudo, Barry Lynch, Alan Smith and Nicos Zafiris have been associated with him in a major research investigation into Soviet and Communist Third World commercial and trading policies. Malcolm Yapp is Senior Lecturer in the Department of History of the Near and Middle East at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Editors' Preface The choice of topics in this book has been governed by the aim of shedding light on an important area of Soviet policy rather than by the desire to cover comprehensively the relationships of all Third World countries, if such could be precisely defined, with the Soviet Union. Thus, besides military and strategic considerations, Soviet trade with the Third World figures prominently. In addition to a general chapter on Soviet trade with the Third World, there is a separate chapter by Professor Wiles and his team of researchers dealing with the question how far Third World countries which can be broadly defined as Marxist-Leninist are being pulled into the Soviet orbit by their commercial ties with the Eastern bloc. It is such economic dependence which may well be the most enduring basis for Soviet influence in the Third World. Political and military ties can be, as the case of Egypt strikingly illustrates, short-lived. In the second part of the book a number of case studies drawn from various Third World regions highlight the course of Soviet policy in the recent past. Some deal with countries contiguous to the Soviet Union where there is often a long history of Russian influence and aspirations; in other regions, such as Africa, it is the recent acquisition of a global capability that has given the Soviet Union the option of projecting influence. The editors hope that the book makes a general contribution towards illustrating the aims and intentions of Soviet foreign policy. Part I General Aspects